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A sorus (pl.: sori) is a cluster of ... As the sporangia mature, the indusium shrivels so that spore release is unimpeded. The sporangia then burst and release the ...
The resilient nature of the resting spores, the overwintering sporangia, is the principal challenge in managing the disease. Several means of control have been explored, including chemical [9] [10] and biological, [11] but have been largely ineffective, impractical, or neglected. Cultivation of resistant varieties is the best management approach.
Millions of spores are released at harvest and contaminate healthy kernels or land on other plant parts or the soil. The spores persist on the contaminated kernels or in the soil. The disease is initiated when soil-borne, or in particular seed-borne, teliospores germinate in response to moisture and produce hyphae that infect germinating seeds ...
A sporocarp is a specialised type of structure in the aquatic ferns of the order Salviniales whose primary function is the production and release of spores. [1] Sporocarps are found only in the Salviniales, a group that is aquatic and heterosporous, but the structures are very different in the two families of the order. [2]
An envelope forms around the cluster of sporangia and the cluster becomes a sorus. The sporangia release zoospores that infect other cells. These develop into resting spores that will overwinter. Upon germination, the resting spores function as prosori. [1] Karling included the genus Micromyces within this subgenus [1] while other authors do ...
Fern fronds often bear sporangia, where the plant's spores are formed, usually on the underside (abaxial surface) of the pinnae, but sometimes marginally or scattered over the frond. The sporangia are typically clustered into a sorus (pl., sori). Associated with each sorus in many species is a membranous protective structure called an indusium ...
[7] [8] An indusium covers each sorus; these are whitish and translucent [3] or silvery [2] with a slightly toothed or erose (irregularly jagged) edge, [3] soon withering to reveal the sori. [2] Each sporangium in a sorus carries 64 spores. The diploid sporophyte has a chromosome number of 72. [5]
Within the sori, sporangia mature starting at the apex of the sorus and progressing to the base. They have a continuous, oblique annulus and release round, green trilete spores. The spores grow into thread- or ribbon-like gametophytes ; in many species, the gametophyte has an extended, independent lifespan and can reproduce asexually by ...