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Propeller-type current meter. The revolutions of the propeller per time interval are counted electronically. A current meter is an oceanographic device for flow measurement by mechanical, tilt, acoustical or electrical means.
A rotameter is an example of a variable area meter, where a weighted "float" rises in a tapered tube as the flow rate increases; the float stops rising when area between float and tube is large enough that the weight of the float is balanced by the drag of fluid flow.
The carrier fluid within a droplet-based microfluidic device, typically an oil, is often an obstacle within ESI. The oil, when part of the flow of droplets going into an ESI-MS instrument, can cause a constant background voltage interfering with the detection of sample droplets. [223]
Digital microfluidics (DMF) is a platform for lab-on-a-chip systems that is based upon the manipulation of microdroplets. Droplets are dispensed, moved, stored, mixed, reacted, or analyzed on a platform with a set of insulated electrodes.
Following the analogy of digital microelectronics, this approach is referred to as digital microfluidics. Le Pesant et al. pioneered the use of electrocapillary forces to move droplets on a digital track. [42] The "fluid transistor" pioneered by Cytonix [43] also played a role. The technology was subsequently commercialised by Duke University.
Particle image velocimetry (PIV) is a non-intrusive optical flow measurement technique used to study fluid flow patterns and velocities. PIV has found widespread applications in various fields of science and engineering, including aerodynamics, combustion, oceanography, and biofluids.
Lagrangian ocean models can address this formalism by considering the flow field to be a piecewise function in the temporal domain, where each sub-function is a steady-state velocity field. A Boussinesq model, in which flow is incompressible and thus non-divergent, [ 9 ] can be used to generate the velocity field used as an input for the ...
A flow tracer is any fluid property used to track the flow velocity (i.e., flow magnitude and direction) and circulation patterns. Tracers can be chemical properties, such as radioactive material , or chemical compounds, physical properties, such as density, temperature, salinity, or dyes, and can be natural or artificially induced.