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  2. Pupil magnification - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pupil_magnification

    The pupil magnification is used in calculations of the effective f-number, which affects a number of important elements related to optics, such as exposure, diffraction, and depth of field. For all symmetric lenses, and for many conventional photographic lenses, the pupils appear the same size and so the pupil magnification is approximately 1.

  3. Pupillary distance - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pupillary_distance

    Pupillary distance (PD), more correctly known as interpupillary distance (IPD) is the distance in millimeters between the centers of each pupil. [ 1 ] Interpupillary Distance Classifications

  4. f-number - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-number

    A 100 mm focal length f /4 lens has an entrance pupil diameter of 25 mm. A 100 mm focal length f /2 lens has an entrance pupil diameter of 50 mm. Since the area is proportional to the square of the pupil diameter, [6] the amount of light admitted by the f /2 lens is four times that of the f /4 lens.

  5. Troland - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troland

    where L′ is the scotopic luminance in cd m −2 and p is pupil area in mm 2. Although named "retinal illuminance" (and originally named "photon" by Troland), trolands do not measure the actual photon flux incident on the retina; that quantity depends on the specific wavelengths of light that constitute the luminance used in the calculation.

  6. List of optometric abbreviations - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_optometric...

    Pupillary distance PERRLA Pupils equal, round, reactive to light and accommodation PH Pinhole see Pinhole occluder and Visual_acuity#Legal_definitions: PHNI Pinhole No Improvement see Pinhole occluder and Visual_acuity#Legal_definitions: PHVA Pinhole Visual Acuity: PL Perception of light POH / PrOH Previous ocular history PPA Peri-papillary ...

  7. Aperture - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aperture

    The entrance pupil is typically about 4 mm in diameter, although it can range from as narrow as 2 mm (f /8.3) in diameter in a brightly lit place to 8 mm (f /2.1) in the dark as part of adaptation. In rare cases in some individuals are able to dilate their pupils even beyond 8 mm (in scotopic lighting, close to the physical limit of the iris.

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