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The entire structure is called the blood–brain barrier (BBB). It prevents chemicals, toxins, bacteria, and other substances from getting into the brain, and thus serves a continuous protective function. However, with diseases such as brain tumors, the BBB can also prevent diagnostic and therapeutic agents from reaching their target.
The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is protected by a network of blood vessels and tissue that shields it from harmful substances. This protection also stops anti-cancer drugs from getting to the brain. To treat brain tumours and other brain related diseases, [ 2 ] [ 3 ] blood–brain barrier disruption is needed for the anti-cancer drugs to be ...
Esophageal cancer is cancer arising from the esophagus—the food pipe that runs between the throat and the stomach. [2] Symptoms often include difficulty in swallowing and weight loss. [ 1 ] Other symptoms may include pain when swallowing , a hoarse voice , enlarged lymph nodes ("glands") around the collarbone , a dry cough, and possibly ...
Hyoscine butylbromide is still capable of affecting the chemoreceptor trigger zone, due to the lack of a well-developed blood-brain barrier in the medulla oblongata, which increases the antiemetic effect it produces via local action on the smooth muscle of the gastrointestinal tract. [24]
The mechanism of development of Cushing ulcers is thought to be due to direct stimulation of vagal nuclei as a result of increased intracranial pressure.Brain tumors, traumatic head injury, and other intracranial processes including infections, can cause increased intracranial pressure and lead to overstimulation of the vagus nerve. [3]
In oncology, the mass typically refers to a tumor. For example, cancer of the thyroid gland may cause symptoms due to compressions of certain structures of the head and neck; pressure on the laryngeal nerves may cause voice changes, narrowing of the windpipe may cause stridor, pressure on the gullet may cause dysphagia and so on.
The blood–brain barrier is formed by special tight junctions between endothelial cells lining brain blood vessels. Blood vessels of all tissues contain this monolayer of endothelial cells, however only brain endothelial cells have tight junctions preventing passive diffusion of most substances into the brain tissue. [1]
It is the most common cancer that begins within the brain and the second-most common brain tumor, after meningioma, which is benign in most cases. [6] [15] About 3 in 100,000 people develop the disease per year. [3] The average age at diagnosis is 64, and the disease occurs more commonly in males than females. [2] [3]