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One of the earliest documented attempts to apply brane cosmology as part of a conceptual theory is dated to 1983. [ 5 ] The authors discussed the possibility that the Universe has ( 3 + N ) + 1 {\displaystyle (3+N)+1} dimensions, but ordinary particles are confined in a potential well which is narrow along N {\displaystyle N} spatial directions ...
This repeated contact gives rise to multiple or "cyclic" Big Bangs. This particular hypothesis falls under the string theory umbrella as it requires extra spatial dimensions. Cosmos animation of a cyclic universe Cyclic The cyclic multiverse has multiple branes that have collided, causing Big Bangs. The universes bounce back and pass through ...
A point particle is a 0-brane, of dimension zero; a string, named after vibrating musical strings, is a 1-brane; a membrane, named after vibrating membranes such as drumheads, is a 2-brane. [2] The corresponding object of arbitrary dimension p is called a p-brane, a term coined by M. J. Duff et al. in 1988. [3]
The model is a braneworld theory developed while trying to solve the hierarchy problem of the Standard Model.It involves a finite five-dimensional bulk that is extremely warped and contains two branes: the Planckbrane (where gravity is a relatively strong force; also called "Gravitybrane") and the Tevbrane (our home with the Standard Model particles; also called "Weakbrane").
Starting in 1991, a team of researchers including Michael Duff, Ramzi Khuri, Jianxin Lu, and Ruben Minasian considered a special compactification of string theory in which four of the ten dimensions curl up. If one considers a five-dimensional brane wrapped around these extra dimensions, then the brane looks just like a one-dimensional string.
Open strings attached to a pair of D-branes. In string theory and other related theories, a brane is a physical object that generalizes the notion of a point particle to higher dimensions. For instance, a point particle can be viewed as a brane of dimension zero, while a string can be viewed as a brane of dimension one.
How can you tell if they’re safe past their expiration dates? Here, doctors explain how long most vitamins last and any risks associated with taking expired vitamins.
Warped extra dimensions, such as those proposed by the Randall–Sundrum model (RS), based on warped geometry where the universe is a five-dimensional anti-de Sitter space and the elementary particles except for the graviton are localized on a (3 + 1)-dimensional brane or branes. [3]