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The word "race", interpreted to mean an identifiable group of people who share a common descent, was introduced into English in the 16th century from the Old French rasse (1512), from Italian razza: the Oxford English Dictionary cites the earliest example around the mid-16th century and defines its early meaning as a "group of people belonging to the same family and descended from a common ...
Racism is the belief that groups of humans possess different behavioral traits corresponding to inherited attributes and can be divided based on the superiority of one race or ethnicity over another. [1] [2] [3] It may also mean prejudice, discrimination, or antagonism directed against other people because they are of a different ethnic ...
In essence the term refers to one who places racism squarely in the past. Whiteness is a vague racial-socio-economic category that has shifted definition over time. In the early-mid 20th century the category of whiteness was expanded to include people of Irish , Slavic , Greek , Jewish , and various other backgrounds which had previously been ...
White privilege is a social phenomenon intertwined with race and racism. [1] The American Anthropological Association states that, "The 'racial' worldview was invented to assign some groups to perpetual low status, while others were permitted access to privilege, power, and wealth."
In other words, increasing racial diversity can lead to increased racial bias and discrimination. Evidence suggests, however, that positive contact between two racial groups can promote racial equality. Interacting with minority groups can reduce feelings of threat and increase trust between racial groups.
Despite this, racism against Black Americans remains widespread in the U.S., as does socioeconomic inequality between black and white Americans. [a] [2] In 1863, two years prior to emancipation, Black people owned 0.5 percent of the national wealth, while in 2019 it is just over 1.5 percent. [3]
Discrimination based on skin color (measured for example on the Fitzpatrick scale) or hair texture (measured for example on a scale from 1a to 4c) [5] [6] is closely related to racial discrimination, as skin color and hair texture are often used as a proxy for race in everyday interactions, and is one factor used by legal systems that apply ...
The Spanish sociologist Ramón Flecha instead used the term "postmodern racism". [6] Étienne Balibar's concept of "neo-racism" was an early formulation of what later became widely termed "cultural racism". The term "racism" is one of the most controversial and ambiguous words used within the social sciences. [7]