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R-labialization, which should not be confused with the rounding of initial /r/ described above, is a process occurring in certain dialects of English, particularly some varieties of Cockney, in which the /r/ phoneme is realized as a labiodental approximant [ʋ], in contrast to an alveolar approximant [ɹ].
The phenomenon of intrusive R is an overgeneralizing reinterpretation [11] [12] of linking R into an r-insertion rule that affects any word that ends in the non-high vowels /ə/, /ɪə/, /ɑː/, or /ɔː/; [13] when such a word is closely followed by another word beginning in a vowel sound, an /r/ is inserted between them, even when no final /r ...
In Scottish English, /r/ is traditionally pronounced as a flap or trill , and there are no r-colored vowels. In non-rhotic dialects like Received Pronunciation (RP), historic /r/ is elided at the end of a syllable, and if the preceding vowel is stressed, it undergoes compensatory lengthening or breaking (diphthongization).
Rhotacism is a difficulty producing rhotic consonants sounds in the respective language's standard pronunciation. [2] [5] In Czech there is a specific type of rhotacism called rotacismus bohemicus which is an inability to pronounce the specific sound ř /r̝/. [6] Sigmatism is a difficulty of producing /s/, /z/ and similar sounds. [2]
The loss of postvocalic /r/ in the British prestige standard in the late 18th and the early 19th centuries influenced the American port cities with close connections to Britain, which caused upper-class pronunciation to become non-rhotic in many Eastern and Southern port cities such as New York City, Boston, Alexandria, Charleston, and Savannah. [9]
Some speakers may pronounce consonant-final English words with a strong vocalic offset, [definition needed] especially in isolated words (e.g. "dog" can be [ˈdɔɡə]). Czech /r/ is alveolar trill. There is a tendency to pronounce the trill in English and in all positions where r is written.
Because of the presence of words that did not undergo rhotacisation from the same root as those that did, the result of the process remains visible in a few modern English word pairs: is and are (PGmc. *isti vs *izi) was and were (PGmc. *wesaną vs *wēz) the comparative and superlative suffixes -er and -est (PGmc.
In the vowels chart, a separate phonetic value is given for each major dialect, alongside the words used to name their corresponding lexical sets. The diaphonemes for the lexical sets given here are based on RP and General American; they are not sufficient to express all of the distinctions found in other dialects, such as Australian English.