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It has also been defined as increased amount of saliva in the mouth, which may also be caused by decreased clearance of saliva. [ 4 ] Hypersalivation can contribute to drooling if there is an inability to keep the mouth closed or difficulty in swallowing (dysphagia) the excess saliva, which can lead to excessive spitting.
Scopolamine, also known as hyoscine, [9] or Devil's Breath, [10] is a natural or synthetically produced tropane alkaloid and anticholinergic drug that is used as a medication to treat motion sickness [11] and postoperative nausea and vomiting. [12] [1] It is also sometimes used before surgery to decrease saliva. [1]
Antisialagogues are drugs or substances that decrease the flow rate of saliva and their effect is opposite to that of sialagogues. [1] Their origin may be both natural and synthetic. Anticholinergics generally have antisialagogue effects, and most produce some level of sedation, both being advantageous in surgical procedures. [2]
Xerostomia, or a decrease in saliva flow, can be a side effect of many drugs, which, in turn, can lead to the development of taste disturbances such as dysgeusia. [39] Patients can lessen the effects of xerostomia with breath mints, sugarless gum, or lozenges; or physicians can increase saliva flow with artificial saliva or oral pilocarpine. [39]
[22] [23] The rate of the salivary flow in an individual's mouth can also be measured. [24] There is little correlation between symptoms and objective tests of salivary flow, [25] such as sialometry. This test is simple and noninvasive, and involves measurement of all the saliva a patient can produce during a certain time, achieved by dribbling ...
Metoprolol, sold under the brand name Lopressor among others, is a medication used to treat angina and a number of conditions involving an abnormally fast heart rate. [4] It is also used to prevent further heart problems after myocardial infarction and to prevent headaches in those with migraines. [4] It is a selective β 1 receptor blocker ...
The mechanisms of sympathomimetic drugs can be direct-acting (direct interaction between drug and receptor), such as α-adrenergic agonists, β-adrenergic agonists, and dopaminergic agonists; or indirect-acting (interaction not between drug and receptor), such as MAOIs, COMT inhibitors, release stimulants, and reuptake inhibitors that increase the levels of endogenous catecholamines.
Buccal administration may provide better bioavailability of some drugs and a more rapid onset of action compared to oral administration because the medication does not pass through the digestive system and thereby avoids first pass metabolism. [1] Drug forms for buccal administration include tablets and thin films.