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  2. Moderation (statistics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moderation_(statistics)

    The third variable is referred to as the moderator variable (or effect modifier) or simply the moderator (or modifier). [1] [2] The effect of a moderating variable is characterized statistically as an interaction; [1] that is, a categorical (e.g., sex, ethnicity, class) or continuous (e.g., age, level of reward) variable that is associated with ...

  3. Confounding - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confounding

    The confounding variable makes the results of the analysis unreliable. It is quite likely that we are just measuring the fact that highway driving results in better fuel economy than city driving. In statistics terms, the make of the truck is the independent variable, the fuel economy (MPG) is the dependent variable and the amount of city ...

  4. Spurious relationship - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spurious_relationship

    Graphical model: Whereas a mediator is a factor in the causal chain (top), a confounder is a spurious factor incorrectly implying causation (bottom). In statistics, a spurious relationship or spurious correlation [1] [2] is a mathematical relationship in which two or more events or variables are associated but not causally related, due to either coincidence or the presence of a certain third ...

  5. Interaction (statistics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interaction_(statistics)

    Interaction effect of education and ideology on concern about sea level rise. In statistics, an interaction may arise when considering the relationship among three or more variables, and describes a situation in which the effect of one causal variable on an outcome depends on the state of a second causal variable (that is, when effects of the two causes are not additive).

  6. Glossary of experimental design - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_experimental...

    Alias: When the estimate of an effect also includes the influence of one or more other effects (usually high order interactions) the effects are said to be aliased (see confounding). For example, if the estimate of effect D in a four factor experiment actually estimates (D + ABC), then the main effect D is aliased with the 3-way interaction ABC ...

  7. Blocking (statistics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blocking_(statistics)

    In the examples listed above, a nuisance variable is a variable that is not the primary focus of the study but can affect the outcomes of the experiment. [3] They are considered potential sources of variability that, if not controlled or accounted for, may confound the interpretation between the independent and dependent variables. To address ...

  8. Affect vs. Effect: What’s the Difference? - AOL

    www.aol.com/affect-vs-effect-difference...

    For instance, you could correctly say, “The effects of climate change can be felt worldwide” and “This medicine may have some side effects.” “Affect,” meanwhile, is a verb that means ...

  9. Controlling for a variable - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controlling_for_a_variable

    This is typically done so that the variable can no longer act as a confounder in, for example, an observational study or experiment. When estimating the effect of explanatory variables on an outcome by regression, controlled-for variables are included as inputs in order to separate their effects from the explanatory variables. [1]