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The radula (US: / ˈ r æ dʒ ʊ l ə /; pl.: radulae or radulas) [1] is an anatomical structure used by mollusks for feeding, sometimes compared to a tongue. [2] It is a minutely toothed, chitinous ribbon, which is typically used for scraping or cutting food before the food enters the esophagus.
For nearly 200 years, Radula remained the only genus in the family, making Radulaceae a monogeneric family within the order Porellales. [7] Herbert Castle's 1936 worldwide monograph of Radula took a broader view of Cladoradula, expanding it to include all species with reproductive structures on short branches, regardless of other features. This ...
The buccal mass is the first part of the digestive system, and consists of the mouth and pharynx. The mouth includes a radula, and in most cases, also a pair of jaws. The pharynx can be very large, especially in carnivorous species. Many carnivorous species have developed a proboscis, containing the oral cavity, radula, and part of the ...
The most common compounds found in Radula species are 3,5-dihydroxy-2-(3-methyl-2-butenyl)bibenzyl and 2-geranyl-3,5-dihydroxybibenzyl, which often form the basic structure for more complex molecules in these plants. [17] Of particular interest is the presence of compounds similar to those found in cannabis (cannabinoids) in some Radula species
Cladoradula perrottetii grows as an epiphyte (a plant that grows on other plants) in moist, shaded environments. It has been found in several Asian countries including: India (Eastern Himalayas, Western Ghats, Central India, and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands), China, Indonesia, Japan, Nepal, Taiwan, and Thailand.
Cladoradula was originally established as a subgenus of Radula by the English bryologist Richard Spruce in 1885, [3] with Radula gottscheana assigned as the type species. Originally Hepstead Castle (1936) expanded the subgenus to include all species with perianths on short branches, [4] making it nearly worldwide in distribution.
This stem structure differs from that found in Radula and Cladoradula. [3] Another key characteristic is the arrangement and structure of the lobules, which are specialised leaf structures found in these liverworts.
Muscles that control the radula are shown in brown. The surface of the radula ribbon, with numerous teeth, is shown as a zig-zag line. The odontophore is part of the feeding mechanism in molluscs. It is the cartilage which underlies and supports the radula, a ribbon of teeth. [1] The radula is found in every class of molluscs except for the ...