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The first such known chimera was probably the Bizzarria, which is a fusion of the Florentine citron and the sour orange. Well-known examples of a graft-chimera are Laburnocytisus 'Adamii' , caused by a fusion of a Laburnum and a broom , and "Family" trees, where multiple varieties of apple or pear are grafted onto the same tree.
In molecular biology, and more importantly high-throughput DNA sequencing, a chimera is a single DNA sequence originating when multiple transcripts or DNA sequences get joined. Chimeras can be considered artifacts and be filtered out from the data during processing [ 1 ] to prevent spurious inferences of biological variation. [ 2 ]
A human chimera is a human with a subset of cells with a distinct genotype than other cells, that is, having genetic chimerism.In contrast, an individual where each cell contains genetic material from a human and an animal is called a human–animal hybrid, while an organism that contains a mixture of human and non-human cells would be a human-animal chimera.
First of all, most basic cat colors are determined by one of two genes marking them orange or black. The genes appear on the X chromosome, of which females have two copies and males only one.
Chimeric genes (literally, made of parts from different sources) form through the combination of portions of two or more coding sequences to produce new genes. These mutations are distinct from fusion genes which merge whole gene sequences into a single reading frame and often retain their original functions.
A recombinant fusion protein is a protein created through genetic engineering of a fusion gene. This typically involves removing the stop codon from a cDNA sequence coding for the first protein, then appending the cDNA sequence of the second protein in frame through ligation or overlap extension PCR .
Diagnosing a chimera or mosaic is particularly difficult due to the random distribution of 46,XX and 46,XY cells within the body. In a chimeric, an organ might be made up of a mix of 46,XX and 46,XY, but is made up entirely only one genotype. When that is the case, no abnormalities are noted and other types of tissues need to be analyzed. [15]
One of the first studies to investigate the generation of chimeric RNA examined the fusion of the first three exons of a gene known as JAZF1 to the last 15 exons of a gene known as JJAZ1. [8] This exact transcript, and the resulting protein, was found specifically in endometrial tissue.