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Collection implementations in pre-JDK 1.2 versions of the Java platform included few data structure classes, but did not contain a collections framework. [4] The standard methods for grouping Java objects were via the array, the Vector, and the Hashtable classes, which unfortunately were not easy to extend, and did not implement a standard member interface.
In computer programming, a collection is an abstract data type that is a grouping of items that can be used in a polymorphic way. Often, the items are of the same data type such as int or string . Sometimes the items derive from a common type; even deriving from the most general type of a programming language such as object or variant .
Java has had a standard interface for implementing iterators since its early days, and since Java 5, the "foreach" construction makes it easy to loop over objects that provide the java.lang.Iterable interface. (The Java collections framework and other collections frameworks, typically provide iterators for all collections.)
Java Collections Framework: The Java Collections Framework (JCF) is a set of classes and interfaces that implement commonly reusable collection data structures. Java Media Framework: The Java Media Framework (JMF) is a Java library that enables audio, video and other time-based media to be added to Java applications and applets. Java Topology suite
These data structures implement the mandatory read-only parts of the Java collections framework. [ 21 ] The designers of the Clojure language advocate the use of persistent data structures over mutable data structures because they have value semantics which gives the benefit of making them freely shareable between threads with cheap aliases ...
The Java collections framework supports generics to specify the type of objects stored in a collection instance. In 1998, Gilad Bracha, Martin Odersky, David Stoutamire and Philip Wadler created Generic Java, an extension to the Java language to support generic types. [4] Generic Java was incorporated in Java with the addition of wildcards.
Python 2.0 was released on 16 October 2000, with many major new features such as list comprehensions, cycle-detecting garbage collection, reference counting, and Unicode support. [49] Python 2.7's end-of-life was initially set for 2015, then postponed to 2020 out of concern that a large body of existing code could not easily be forward-ported ...
Apache Cayenne, open-source for Java; Apache OpenJPA, open-source for Java; DataNucleus, open-source JDO and JPA implementation (formerly known as JPOX) Ebean, open-source ORM framework; EclipseLink, Eclipse persistence platform; Enterprise JavaBeans (EJB) Enterprise Objects Framework, Mac OS X/Java, part of Apple WebObjects