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In metallurgy, cold forming or cold working is any metalworking process in which metal is shaped below its recrystallization temperature, usually at the ambient temperature.. Such processes are contrasted with hot working techniques like hot rolling, forging, welding, etc. [1]: p.375 The same or similar terms are used in glassmaking for the equivalents; for example cut glass is made by "cold ...
Cold working generally results in a higher yield strength as a result of the increased number of dislocations and the Hall–Petch effect of the sub-grains, and a decrease in ductility. The effects of cold working may be reversed by annealing the material at high temperatures where recovery and recrystallization reduce the dislocation density.
Off-line work roll pre-heaters use an electrical coil to induce currents in the work roll inserted through the coil. These currents heat the work roll and create a thermal camber before the roll is placed into the mill. This reduces the problems experienced when rolling the first few coils after putting cold work rolls into the mill.
Strain hardening (work hardening) is the process by which a material's load-bearing capacity increases during plastic (permanent) strain, or deformation. This characteristic is what sets ductile materials apart from brittle materials. [ 1 ]
This process is easily observed while working a material (by a process of cold working in metals). Theoretically, the strength of a material with no dislocations will be extremely high ( σ ≈ G 10 {\displaystyle \sigma \approx {\frac {G}{10}}} ) because plastic deformation would require the breaking of many bonds simultaneously.
Hot working or cold working after the annealing process alters the metal structure, so further heat treatments may be used to achieve the properties required. With knowledge of the composition and phase diagram , heat treatment can be used to adjust from harder and more brittle to softer and more ductile.
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Shot peening is a cold working process used to produce a compressive residual stress layer and modify the mechanical properties of metals and composites. It entails striking a surface with shot (round metallic, glass, or ceramic particles) with force sufficient to create plastic deformation .
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