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Not to be exceeded more than once per year on average over 3 years 40 CFR 50.6: Fine particulate matter (PM 2.5) Primary 9.0 μg/m 3 (12 μg/m 3 prior to May 6, 2024) [25] annual Annual mean, averaged over 3 years 40 CFR 50.18: Secondary 15 μg/m 3: annual Annual mean, averaged over 3 years 40 CFR 50.7: Primary and Secondary 35 μg/m 3: 24-hour
The World Health Organization's recommended limit is 5 micrograms per cubic meter, although there are also various national guideline values, which are often much higher. Air pollution is among the biggest health problems of modern industrial society and is responsible for more than 10 percent of all deaths worldwide (nearly 4.5 million ...
Particulate matter (PM), particularly PM2.5, was found to be harmful to aquatic invertebrates. [41] These aquatic invertebrates include fish, crustaceans, and Mollusca. In a study by Han et al, the effects of PM<2.5 micrometers on life history traits and oxidative stress were observed in Tigriopus japonicus.
The World Health Organization (WHO) provides guidelines to limit exposure: [165] PM 10: Annual mean not to exceed 15 μg/m³; 24-hour mean not to exceed 45 μg/m³. [165] PM 2.5: Annual mean not to exceed 5 μg/m³; 24-hour mean not to exceed 15 μg/m³. [165] Exposure above these levels increases the risk of adverse health effects. [165]
[4] [5] It is a significant risk factor for a number of pollution-related diseases, including heart disease, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma and lung cancer. [6] [5] It is the fourth-largest risk factor overall for human health [7] as 99% of people are exposed to harmful levels of air pollution. [8]
A better understanding of immunity and newly developed vaccines are just two reasons adults should be up to date on these vaccines, says doctors. These Are the 5 Vaccines Every Adult Needs Skip to ...
She showed that annual increases of 5 μgm −3 PM2.5 particulates in air was comparable to two years of ageing. [11] These investigations allowed her to identify that i populations who live in areas where PM2.5 levels are above the maximum levels recommended by the World Health Organization , COPD is four times higher than in people who ...
The Pollutant Standards Index (PSI) is a type of air quality index used in Singapore, which is a number used to indicate the level of pollutants in air.Initially PSI was based on five air pollutants, but since 1 April 2014 it has also included fine particulate matter (PM 2.5).