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  2. All models are wrong - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_models_are_wrong

    George Box. The phrase "all models are wrong" was first attributed to George Box in a 1976 paper published in the Journal of the American Statistical Association.In the paper, Box uses the phrase to refer to the limitations of models, arguing that while no model is ever completely accurate, simpler models can still provide valuable insights if applied judiciously. [2]

  3. White test - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_test

    White test is a statistical test that establishes whether the variance of the errors in a regression model is constant: that is for homoskedasticity. This test, and an estimator for heteroscedasticity-consistent standard errors , were proposed by Halbert White in 1980. [ 1 ]

  4. Problems with economic models - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Problems_with_economic_models

    (Any model based on a flawed theory, cannot transcend the limitations of that theory.) Joseph Stiglitz' 2001 Nobel Prize lecture reviews his work on information asymmetries, [1] which contrasts with the assumption, in standard models, of "perfect information". Stiglitz surveys many aspects of these faulty standard models, and the faulty policy ...

  5. Identifiability - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identifiability

    Identifiability of the model in the sense of invertibility of the map is equivalent to being able to learn the model's true parameter if the model can be observed indefinitely long. Indeed, if {X t} ⊆ S is the sequence of observations from the model, then by the strong law of large numbers,

  6. Akaike information criterion - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akaike_information_criterion

    A statistical model must account for random errors. A straight line model might be formally described as y i = b 0 + b 1 x i + ε i. Here, the ε i are the residuals from the straight line fit. If the ε i are assumed to be i.i.d. Gaussian (with zero mean), then the model has three parameters: b 0, b 1, and the

  7. Backtesting - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backtesting

    A second limitation is the inability to model strategies that would affect historic prices. Finally, backtesting, like other modeling, is limited by potential overfitting . That is, it is often possible to find a strategy that would have worked well in the past, but will not work well in the future. [ 1 ]

  8. Mean percentage error - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mean_percentage_error

    In statistics, the mean percentage ... is the computed average of percentage errors by which forecasts of a model differ from actual values of the quantity being ...

  9. Structural break - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_break

    Linear regression with a structural break. In econometrics and statistics, a structural break is an unexpected change over time in the parameters of regression models, which can lead to huge forecasting errors and unreliability of the model in general.