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Outer space, especially the relatively empty regions of the universe outside the atmospheres of celestial bodies; Vacuum, a volume of space that is essentially empty of matter, such that its gaseous pressure is much less than atmospheric pressure; Free space, a perfect vacuum as expressed in the classical physics model
The energy of a cubic centimeter of empty space has been calculated figuratively to be one trillionth of an erg (or 0.6 eV). [8] An outstanding requirement imposed on a potential Theory of Everything is that the energy of the quantum vacuum state must explain the physically observed cosmological constant.
Using the upper limit of the cosmological constant, the vacuum energy of free space has been estimated to be 10 −9 joules (10 −2 ergs), or ~5 GeV per cubic meter. [3] However, in quantum electrodynamics , consistency with the principle of Lorentz covariance and with the magnitude of the Planck constant suggests a much larger value of 10 113 ...
When T μν is zero, the field equation describes empty space (a vacuum). The cosmological constant has the same effect as an intrinsic energy density of the vacuum, ρ vac (and an associated pressure). In this context, it is commonly moved to the right-hand side of the equation using Λ = κρ vac. It is common to quote values of energy ...
Deep space is generally much more empty than any artificial vacuum. It may or may not meet the definition of high vacuum above, depending on what region of space and astronomical bodies are being considered. For example, the MFP of interplanetary space is smaller than the size of the Solar System, but larger than small planets and moons.
3D visualization of quantum fluctuations of the quantum chromodynamics (QCD) vacuum [1]. In quantum physics, a quantum fluctuation (also known as a vacuum state fluctuation or vacuum fluctuation) is the temporary random change in the amount of energy in a point in space, [2] as prescribed by Werner Heisenberg's uncertainty principle.
The first class consists of void finders that try to find empty regions of space based on local galaxy density. [28] The second class are those which try to find voids via the geometrical structures in the dark matter distribution as suggested by the galaxies. [29]
Vacuum permittivity, commonly denoted ε 0 (pronounced "epsilon nought" or "epsilon zero"), is the value of the absolute dielectric permittivity of classical vacuum.It may also be referred to as the permittivity of free space, the electric constant, or the distributed capacitance of the vacuum.