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Drug name UK Trade name Concentration (%) Maximum dose (mg/kg) Articaine with adrenaline Bartinest Septanest 4 7 Bupivacaine Marcain 0.25 2.5 Lidocaine 1 3 2 Lidocaine with adrenaline Utilycaine Lignospan Special Xylocaine 1 7 2 Mepivacaine Scandonest 2 1.36 (3 mg per pound), less than 400 mg in adults 3 Prilocaine with Felypressin Citanest 0.5 7 1
The drug typically starts taking effect within 15 minutes and can last up to 16 hours depending on factors such as site of administration and dosage. [ 1 ] Levobupivacaine was designed, in the late 1970s, to be a safer and more effective alternative to bupivacaine, which had been associated with a higher risk of cardiotoxicity.
The rate of systemic absorption of bupivacaine and other local anesthetics is dependent upon the dose and concentration of drug administered, the route of administration, the vascularity of the administration site, and the presence or absence of epinephrine in the preparation. [29] Onset of action (route and dose-dependent): 1–17 min
Many local anesthetics fall into two general chemical classes, amino esters (top) and amino amides (bottom). A local anesthetic (LA) is a medication that causes absence of all sensation (including pain) in a specific body part without loss of consciousness, [1] providing local anesthesia, as opposed to a general anesthetic, which eliminates all sensation in the entire body and causes ...
Ropivacaine / r oʊ ˈ p ɪ v ə k eɪ n / is a local anaesthetic drug belonging to the amino amide group. The name ropivacaine refers to both the racemate and the marketed S-enantiomer. Ropivacaine hydrochloride is commonly marketed by AstraZeneca under the brand name Naropin.
A high dose of local anesthetic, typically lidocaine or prilocaine without adrenaline, [6] is slowly injected as distally as possible into the exsanguinated limb. The veins are filled with the anesthetic, with the anesthetic setting into local tissue after approximately 6–8 minutes, after which the surgery, reduction , or manipulation of the ...
Spinal anaesthesia (or spinal anesthesia), also called spinal block, subarachnoid block, intradural block and intrathecal block, [1] is a form of neuraxial regional anaesthesia involving the injection of a local anaesthetic or opioid into the subarachnoid space, generally through a fine needle, usually 9 cm (3.5 in) long.
Bupivacaine is a safe alternative in this case. Impaired liver function – people with lowered hepatic function may have an adverse reaction with repeated administration of lidocaine because the drug is metabolized by the liver. Adverse reactions may include neurological symptoms (e.g. dizziness, nausea, muscle twitches, vomiting, or seizures ...