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In 1973, ECMA-35 and ISO 2022 [18] attempted to define a method so an 8-bit "extended ASCII" code could be converted to a corresponding 7-bit code, and vice versa. [19] In a 7-bit environment, the Shift Out would change the meaning of the 96 bytes 0x20 through 0x7F [a] [21] (i.e. all but the C0 control codes), to be the characters that an 8-bit environment would print if it used the same code ...
Standard ECMA-48, Control Functions For Coded Character Sets. (5th edition, June 1991), European Computer Manufacturers Association, Geneva 1991 (also published by ISO and IEC as standard ISO/IEC 6429) vt100.net DEC Documents "ANSI.SYS -- ansi terminal emulation escape sequences". Archived from the original on 6 February 2006
There were quite a few control characters defined (33 in ASCII, and the ECMA-48 standard adds 32 more). This was because early terminals had very primitive mechanical or electrical controls that made any kind of state-remembering API quite expensive to implement, thus a different code for each and every function looked like a requirement.
ECMA-16: Basic mode control procedures for data communication systems using the ECMA 7-bit code: 1973-06 2nd edition-No ECMA-17: Graphic Representation of Control Characters of the ECMA 7-bit Coded Character Set for Information Interchange: 1968-11-Yes ECMA-18: Printing line position on OCR single line documents: 1977-01 2nd edition-No ECMA-19
Ecma International is responsible for several standards, including: ECMA-6 – 7-bit Coded Character Set (based on ASCII), also approved as ISO/IEC 646 [5] ECMA-35 – Character Code Structure and Extension Techniques, also approved as ISO/IEC 2022 [6] ECMA-48 – Control Functions for Coded Character Sets, also approved as ISO/IEC 6429 [7]
The control code ranges 0x00–0x1F ("C0") and 0x7F originate from the 1967 edition of US-ASCII.The standard ISO/IEC 2022 (ECMA-35) defines extension methods for ASCII, including a secondary "C1" range of 8-bit control codes from 0x80 to 0x9F, equivalent to 7-bit sequences of ESC with the bytes 0x40 through 0x5F.
Additionally, the C1 control block contains two codes intended for private use "control functions" by ECMA-48: 0x91 private use one (PU1) and 0x92 private use two (PU2). [34] [35] Unicode includes these at U+0091 <control-0091> and U+0092 <control-0092> but defines them as control characters (category Cc), not private-use characters (category ...
In formats where compatibility with ECMA-48's C0 control codes such as TAB and LF is not required, these control codes are sometimes mapped transparently to the Unicode C0 control code range (U+0000 through U+001F). [3]