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The interpretation of urinalysis takes into account the results of physical, chemical and microscopic examination and the person's overall condition. Urine test results should always be interpreted using the reference range provided by the laboratory that performed the test, or using information provided by the test strip/device manufacturer. [136]
4-Ethylphenyl sulfate (4EPS) is a metabolite produced by gut bacteria, which can be toxic when present in large amounts. Elevated levels of this metabolite have been associated with some medical conditions including chronic kidney disease and autism .
Reference ranges for urine tests are described below: Measurement Lower limit Upper limit Unit Urinary specific gravity: 1.003 [1] [2] 1.030 [1] [2] g/mL Urobilinogen:
A urine test is any medical test performed on a urine specimen. The analysis of urine is a valuable diagnostic tool because its composition reflects the functioning of many body systems, particularly the kidneys and urinary system , and specimens are easy to obtain. [ 1 ]
The ethanol conjugates called ethyl glucuronide and ethyl sulfate remain detectable for up to three days after ethanol consumption and are quite useful for detection of occult/denied alcohol use disorder. Both these substances are detectable clinically through urine drug testing by commercial toxicology labs.
Urine electrolyte levels can be measured in a medical laboratory for diagnostic purposes. The urine concentrations of sodium , chlorine and potassium may be used to investigate conditions such as abnormal blood electrolyte levels, acute kidney injury , metabolic alkalosis and hypovolemia .
Purple urine bag syndrome can be diagnosed by medical professionals based on a patient's medical history, symptoms, and the results of their laboratory tests. This is a relatively rare diagnosis that is usually sparked by patients and healthcare providers noticing that a patient's urine collection bag from a catheter has become discolored and ...
Typical elimination rates range from 10 to 34 mg/dL per hour, [6] [4] with Jones recommending the range 0.10 - 0.25 g/L/h for forensic purposes, for all subjects. [117] Earlier studies found mean elimination rates of 15 mg/dL per hour for men and 18 mg/dL per hour for women, [ 6 ] [ 4 ] but Jones found 0.148 g/L/h and 0.156 g/L/h respectively.