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In both the World Reference Base for Soil Resources (WRB) [1] and the USDA soil taxonomy, [2] a Histosol is a soil consisting primarily of organic materials.They are defined as having 40 centimetres (16 in) or more of organic soil material starting within 40 cm from the soil surface.
A sapric is a subtype of a histosol [1] where virtually all of the organic material has undergone sufficient decomposition to prevent the identification of plant parts and even fecal matter. [2] [3] Muck is a sapric soil that is naturally waterlogged or is artificially drained.
The benefits of SOM result from several complex, interactive, edaphic factors; a non-exhaustive list of these benefits to soil function includes improvement of soil structure, aggregation, water retention, soil biodiversity, absorption and retention of pollutants, buffering capacity, and the cycling and storage of plant nutrients.
Mollisol is a soil type which has deep, high organic matter, nutrient-enriched surface soil (), typically between 60 and 80 cm (24-31 in) in depth.This fertile surface horizon, called a mollic epipedon, is the defining diagnostic feature of Mollisols.
Tropical peat is a type of histosol that is found in tropical latitudes, including South East Asia, Africa, and Central and South America. [2] Tropical peat mostly consists of dead organic matter from trees instead of spaghnum which are commonly found in temperate peat. [ 3 ]
The soil moisture regime, often reflective of climatic factors, is a major determinant of the productivity of terrestrial ecosystems, including agricultural systems. The soil moisture regimes are defined based on the levels of the groundwater table and the amounts of soil water available to plants during a given year in a particular region.
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Soil color, while easily discerned, has little use in predicting soil characteristics. [109] It is of use in distinguishing boundaries of horizons within a soil profile, [ 110 ] determining the origin of a soil's parent material , [ 111 ] as an indication of wetness and waterlogged conditions, [ 112 ] and as a qualitative means of measuring ...