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Gastrointestinal perforation, also known as gastrointestinal rupture, [1] is a hole in the wall of the gastrointestinal tract. The gastrointestinal tract is composed of hollow digestive organs leading from the mouth to the anus. [3]
Organ perforation is a complete penetration of the wall of a hollow organ in the body, such as the gastrointestinal tract in the case of gastrointestinal perforation. It mainly refers to accidental or pathologic perforation, rather than intentional penetration during surgery. It can lead to peritonitis if untreated. [2]
The severity of diarrhea and colitis are graded based on the frequency of bowel movements and symptoms of colitis, respectively. The gold standard for the diagnosis of checkpoint inhibitor induced colitis is colonoscopy with evaluation of the terminal ileum. However, in most cases, a flexible sigmoidoscopy is sufficient.
Causes include perforation of the intestinal tract, pancreatitis, pelvic inflammatory disease, stomach ulcer, cirrhosis, a ruptured appendix or even a perforated gallbladder. [3] Risk factors include ascites (the abnormal build-up of fluid in the abdomen) and peritoneal dialysis . [ 4 ]
Depending on the level of obstruction, bowel obstruction can present with abdominal pain, abdominal distension, and constipation.Bowel obstruction may be complicated by dehydration and electrolyte abnormalities due to vomiting; respiratory compromise from pressure on the diaphragm by a distended abdomen, or aspiration of vomitus; bowel ischemia or perforation from prolonged distension or ...
Stercoral perforation [1] is the perforation or rupture of the intestine's walls by its internal contents, such as hardened feces or foreign objects. Hardened stools may form in prolonged constipation or other diseases which cause obstruction of transit, such as Chagas disease, Hirschprung's disease, toxic colitis, hypercalcemia, and megacolon.
Ulcers that affect the tract include peptic ulcers and perforated ulcer is one that has eroded completely through the layers. The gastrointestinal wall is inflamed in a number of conditions. This is called esophagitis, gastritis, duodenitis, ileitis, and colitis depending on the parts affected.
Diverticulosis (the presence of bowel diverticula) is an essentially ubiquitous phenomenon. With age, all people develop out-pouching of the bowel wall as pressure from the inside of the bowel pushes the mucosa outwards. The pouches (diverticula) occur where there is a gap between or weakness within the muscle fibres of the bowel wall ...