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The Human Microbiome Project (HMP) was a United States National Institutes of Health (NIH) research initiative to improve understanding of the microbiota involved in human health and disease. Launched in 2007, [ 1 ] the first phase (HMP1) focused on identifying and characterizing human microbiota.
A healthy oral microbiome decreases oral infections and promotes a healthy gut microbiome. However, when disturbed, it can lead to gum inflammations and bad breath. [16] Dental plaque is formed when oral microorganisms form biofilms on the surfaces of teeth.
Escherichia coli, one of the many species of bacteria present in the human gut. Gut microbiota, gut microbiome, or gut flora are the microorganisms, including bacteria, archaea, fungi, and viruses, that live in the digestive tracts of animals. [1] [2] The gastrointestinal metagenome is the aggregate of all the genomes of the gut microbiota.
Graphic depicting the human skin microbiota, with relative prevalences of various classes of bacteria. The human microbiome is the aggregate of all microbiota that reside on or within human tissues and biofluids along with the corresponding anatomical sites in which they reside, [1] [2] including the gastrointestinal tract, skin, mammary glands, seminal fluid, uterus, ovarian follicles, lung ...
Culturomics is the high-throughput cell culture of bacteria that aims to comprehensively identify strains or species in samples obtained from tissues such as the human gut or from the environment. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] This approach was conceived as an alternative, complementary method to metagenomics , which relies on the presence of homologous ...
"The collective genomes of microorganisms inhabiting a particular environment and especially the human body". [67] "The microbiome comprises all of the genetic material within a microbiota (the entire collection of microorganisms in a specific niche, such as the human gut). This can also be referred to as the metagenome of the microbiota". [69]
Intestinal microbiota also benefit the human host, modulating essential metabolism-related processes within the gut microenvironment. [ 12 ] P. distasonis and P. goldsteinii in particular form biofilms in the gut microbiota , allowing these species to survive under harsh conditions and maintain ample populations in extreme pH environments. [ 8 ]
Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron is a common bacterium in the human gut microbiome that has evolved alongside humans to support digestion and general health. Over time, this bacterium developed the ability to break down complex carbohydrates into simple sugars, which helps the host species get more energy from the food it eats.