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Wax is used to verify that something such as a document is unopened, to verify the sender's identity (for example with a seal stamp or signet ring), and as decoration. Sealing wax can also be used to take impressions of other seals. Wax was used to seal letters close and later, from about the 16th century, envelopes.
The Great Seal is attached to the official documents of state that require the authorisation of the monarch to implement the advice of His Majesty's Government.. Under today's usage of the Great Seal, seals of dark green wax are affixed to letters patent elevating individuals to the peerage, blue seals authorise actions relating to the royal family, and scarlet seals appoint bishops and ...
Seals were used as a sign of authenticity of the signatory and a privy seal was sometimes added to the back of the wax seal to ensure further authenticity. Llywelyn ap Iorwerth is known to have used his privy or counter-seal such as in 1230, "sealing the letters with his secret seal because he has not his great seal with him". [13]
The seal matrix was cast in silver and the impressions made in sealing wax. [54] Irish Great Seals are attested from the thirteenth century, though surviving impressions of them are rare. [60] Most state papers were destroyed, in multiple fires between 1304 and 1758, and in an explosion in the Battle of Dublin in 1922.
It was modelled on the pre-existing UK fob seal [43] and used for the same purposes, on the back of the envelope enclosing letters of credence or recall. [23] Whereas the UK's Crown Office Act 1877 permits a small wafer Great Seal to replace the cumbersome wax Great Seal, the Free State's wax seal had no wafer equivalent. [46]
19th-century drawings of the seal of Richard de Clare ("Strongbow"), Earl of Pembroke (1130–1176) Sigillography, also known by its Greek-derived name, sphragistics, is the scholarly discipline that studies the wax, lead, clay, and other seals used to authenticate archival documents. It investigates not only aspects of the artistic design and ...
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