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  2. Electronegativity - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronegativity

    Electrostatic potential map of a water molecule, where the oxygen atom has a more negative charge (red) than the positive (blue) hydrogen atoms. Electronegativity, symbolized as χ, is the tendency for an atom of a given chemical element to attract shared electrons (or electron density) when forming a chemical bond. [1]

  3. Electronegativities of the elements (data page) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronegativities_of_the...

    See also: Electronegativities of the elements (data page) There are no reliable sources for Pm, Eu and Yb other than the range of 1.1–1.2; see Pauling, Linus (1960).

  4. Bond valence method - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bond_valence_method

    Under certain conditions, nitrogen can form three bonds and oxygen two, but since nitrogen and oxygen typically also form hydrogen bonds, the resulting N-H and O-H bonds have valences less than 1.0 vu, leading through the application of Eq. 1, to the C-C and C-H bonds having valences that differ from 1.0 vu. Nevertheless, the simple bonding ...

  5. Template : Periodic table (electronegativity by Pauling scale)

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Periodic_table...

    See also: Electronegativities of the elements (data page) There are no reliable sources for Pm, Eu and Yb other than the range of 1.1–1.2; see Pauling, Linus (1960).

  6. Oxidation state - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidation_state

    2 has an overall charge of −1, so each of its two equivalent oxygen atoms is assigned an oxidation state of − ⁠ 1 / 2 ⁠. This ion can be described as a resonance hybrid of two Lewis structures, where each oxygen has an oxidation state of 0 in one structure and −1 in the other. For the cyclopentadienyl anion C 5 H −

  7. Chemical polarity - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_polarity

    Ionic bonds generally occur when the difference in electronegativity between the two atoms is greater than 2.0; Pauling based this classification scheme on the partial ionic character of a bond, which is an approximate function of the difference in electronegativity between the two bonded atoms. He estimated that a difference of 1.7 corresponds ...

  8. Oxygen - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen

    Oxygen is the third most abundant chemical element in the universe, after hydrogen and helium. [68] About 0.9% of the Sun's mass is oxygen. [19] Oxygen constitutes 49.2% of the Earth's crust by mass [69] as part of oxide compounds such as silicon dioxide and is the most abundant element by mass in the Earth's crust.

  9. Bent's rule - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bent's_rule

    Shape of water molecule showing that the real bond angle 104.5° deviates from the ideal sp 3 angle of 109.5°.. In chemistry, Bent's rule describes and explains the relationship between the orbital hybridization and the electronegativities of substituents.