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Breathy voiced ̪ ͆: Dental ̬: Voiced ̰: Creaky voiced ̺: Apical ʰ: Aspirated ̼: Linguolabial ̻: Laminal ̹ ͗ ˒ More rounded ʷ: Labialized ̃: Nasalized ̜ ͑ ˓ Less rounded ʲ: Palatalized ⁿ: Nasal release ̟ ˖ Advanced ˠ: Velarized ˡ: Lateral release ̠ ˗ Retracted ˤ: Pharyngealized ̚: No audible release ̈
Most commonly, the change is a result of sound assimilation with an adjacent sound of opposite voicing, but it can also occur word-finally or in contact with a specific vowel. For example, the English suffix -s is pronounced [s] when it follows a voiceless phoneme (cats), and [z] when it follows a voiced phoneme (dogs). [1]
The English word nods is made up of a sequence of phonemes, represented symbolically as /nɒdz/, or the sequence of /n/, /ɒ/, /d/, and /z/. Each symbol is an abstract representation of a phoneme. That awareness is an inherent part of speakers' mental grammar that allows them to recognise words. However, phonemes are not sounds in themselves.
Rather, the same symbol is used for all coronal places of articulation that are not palatalized like English palato-alveolar sh, or retroflex. To disambiguate, the bridge ( [s̪, t̪, n̪, l̪] , etc. ) may be used for a dental consonant, or the under-bar ( [s̠, t̠, n̠, l̠] , etc. ) may be used for the postalveolars .
The following table shows the 24 consonant phonemes found in most dialects of English, plus /x/, whose distribution is more limited. Fortis consonants are always voiceless, aspirated in syllable onset (except in clusters beginning with /s/ or /ʃ/), and sometimes also glottalized to an extent in syllable coda (most likely to occur with /t/, see T-glottalization), while lenis consonants are ...
In the vowels chart, a separate phonetic value is given for each major dialect, alongside the words used to name their corresponding lexical sets. The diaphonemes for the lexical sets given here are based on RP and General American; they are not sufficient to express all of the distinctions found in other dialects, such as Australian English.
Among the Germanic languages, the tap allophone occurs in American and Australian English and in Northern Low Saxon. In American and Australian English it tends to be an allophone of intervocalic / t / and / d / , leading to homophonous pairs such as "me t al" / "me d al" and "la tt er" / "la dd er" – see tapping .
The distinction is noticeable in the speech of some American English speakers in distinguishing the words "potty" (tap [ɾ]) and "party" (retroflex ). For linguists who do not make the distinction, alveolars and dentals are typically called taps and other articulations flaps. No language contrasts a tap and a flap at the same place of articulation.