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The Heisenberg uncertainty principle allows the energy to be as large as needed to promote quantum actions for a brief moment of time, even if the average energy is small enough to satisfy relativity and flat space. To cope with disagreements, the vacuum energy is described as a virtual energy potential of positive and negative energy. [93]
Mass–energy emitted as gravitational waves during the most energetic black hole merger observed until 2020 (GW170729) [309] 8.8×10 47 J GRB 080916C – formerly the most powerful gamma-ray burst (GRB) ever recorded – total/true [ 310 ] isotropic energy output estimated at 8.8 × 10 47 joules (8.8 × 10 54 erg), or 4.9 times the Sun's mass ...
A contour plot of the effective potential due to gravity and the centrifugal force of a two-body system in a rotating frame of reference. The arrows indicate the downhill gradients of the potential around the five Lagrange points, toward them (red) and away from them (blue). Counterintuitively, the L 4 and L 5 points are the high points of the ...
Potential energy – energy possessed by a body by virtue of its position relative to others, stresses within itself, electric charge, and other factors. [3] [4] Elastic energy – energy of deformation of a material (or its container) exhibiting a restorative force; Gravitational energy – potential energy associated with a gravitational field.
The stored potential energy is later converted to electricity that is added to the power grid, even when the original energy source is not available. In pumped hydro systems, energy from the source is used to lift water upward against the force of gravity, giving it potential energy that is later converted to electricity provided to the power grid.
The main reason is that the gravitational field—like any physical field—must be ascribed a certain energy, but that it proves to be fundamentally impossible to localize that energy. [ 177 ] Nevertheless, there are possibilities to define a system's total mass, either using a hypothetical "infinitely distant observer" ( ADM mass ) [ 178 ] or ...
Without friction to dissipate a body's energy into heat, the body's energy will trade between potential and (non-thermal) kinetic forms while the total amount remains constant. Any gain of kinetic energy, which occurs when the net force on the body accelerates it to a higher speed, must be accompanied by a loss of potential energy.
According to the Friedmann equations that describe the dynamics of an expanding universe, a fluid with sufficiently negative pressure exerts gravitational repulsion in the cosmological context. A field in a positive-energy false vacuum state could represent such a fluid, and the resulting repulsion would set the universe into exponential expansion.