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Most commercial jetliners have a service (or certified) ceiling of under 45,000 ft (13,700 m) [3] and some business jets about 51,000 ft (15.5 km; 9.7 mi). [4] Before its retirement, the Concorde supersonic transport (SST) (as well as the Tupolev Tu-144 before it was retired) routinely flew at 60,000 ft (18.3 km; 11.4 mi).
A dropped ceiling is one in which the finished surface is constructed anywhere from a few inches or centimeters to several feet or a few meters below the structure above it. This may be done for aesthetic purposes, such as achieving a desirable ceiling height; or practical purposes such as acoustic damping or providing a space for HVAC or piping.
Above the TA, the aircraft altimeter pressure setting is changed to the standard pressure setting of 1013 hectopascals (equivalent to millibars) or 29.92 inches of mercury, with the aircraft altitude will be stated as a flight level instead of altitude. In the United States and Canada, the transition altitude is 18,000 ft (5,500 m). [5]
The minute of angle correction (full value) is then commonly estimated as ((Range [meters] / 100) × Wind [mph]) / C, where C is a constant. The constant C equals 15 for ranges from 100 to 500 meters, 14 for 600 meters, 13 for 700–800 meters, 12 for 900 meters, and 11 for 1,000 meters. [14] For full-value winds, this full windage correction ...
R p = ventilation rate per person (cubic feet per minute (CFM) per person or cubic meters per minute per person) ACPH = Air changes per hour; D = Occupant density (square feet per occupant or square meters per occupant) h = Ceiling height (feet or meters) One cubic meter per minute = 16.67 liter/second
The ceiling height is the height at which more than half the sky is covered by clouds. For pilots, knowledge of the sky cover helps determine if visual flight rules (VFR) are being met. Knowing the degree of cloud cover can help determine whether or not various weather fronts , such as cold fronts or warm fronts , have passed by a location.
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The height above the ground or water of the base of the lowest layer of cloud below 6000 meters (20,000 feet) covering more than half the sky. [2] United Kingdom The vertical distance from the elevation of an aerodrome to the lowest part of any cloud visible from the aerodrome which is sufficient to obscure more than half of the sky. [3] United ...