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Investigating how a string theory may include fermions in its spectrum led to the invention of supersymmetry (in the West [clarification needed]) [2] in 1971, [3] a mathematical transformation between bosons and fermions. String theories that include fermionic vibrations are now known as "superstring theories".
Supersymmetry is an integral part of string theory, a possible theory of everything. There are two types of string theory, supersymmetric string theory or superstring theory, and non-supersymmetric string theory. By definition of superstring theory, supersymmetry is required in superstring theory at some level.
In string theory, the Ramond–Neveu–Schwarz (RNS) formalism is an approach to formulating superstrings in which the worldsheet has explicit superconformal invariance but spacetime supersymmetry is hidden, in contrast to the Green–Schwarz formalism where the latter is explicit.
The results of the calculations in topological string theory generically encode all holomorphic quantities within the full string theory whose values are protected by spacetime supersymmetry. Various calculations in topological string theory are closely related to Chern–Simons theory , Gromov–Witten invariants , mirror symmetry , geometric ...
In string theory, a worldsheet is a two-dimensional manifold which describes the embedding of a string in spacetime. [1] The term was coined by Leonard Susskind [2] as a direct generalization of the world line concept for a point particle in special and general relativity.
Sylvester James Gates Jr. (born December 15, 1950), known as S. James Gates Jr. or Jim Gates, is an American theoretical physicist who works on supersymmetry, supergravity, and superstring theory. He is currently the Brown University Theoretical Physics Center Director and the Ford Foundation Professor of Physics.
Green–Schwarz formalism, a way of incorporating supersymmetry into string theory that is supersymmetric in 10-dimensional spacetime. GSO Short for Ferdinando Gliozzi, Joël Scherk, and David A. Olive, as in the GSO projection , a projection in superstring theory that eliminates tachyons.
M-theory is a theory in physics that unifies all consistent versions of superstring theory. Edward Witten first conjectured the existence of such a theory at a string theory conference at the University of Southern California in 1995.