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This equation, stated by Euler in 1758, [2] is known as Euler's polyhedron formula. [3] It corresponds to the Euler characteristic of the sphere (i.e. χ = 2 {\displaystyle \ \chi =2\ } ), and applies identically to spherical polyhedra .
In differential geometry, the Euler characteristic of an orbifold, or orbifold Euler characteristic, is a generalization of the topological Euler characteristic that includes contributions coming from nontrivial automorphisms.
In number theory, Euler's conjecture is a disproved conjecture related to Fermat's Last Theorem. It was proposed by Leonhard Euler in 1769. It states that for all integers n and k greater than 1, if the sum of n many k th powers of positive integers is itself a k th power, then n is greater than or equal to k :
Indeed, to obtain this formula, remove disjoint disc neighborhoods of the branch points from S and their preimages in S' so that the restriction of is a covering. Removing a disc from a surface lowers its Euler characteristic by 1 by the formula for connected sum, so we finish by the formula for a non-ramified covering.
the Riemann–Hurwitz formula, named after Bernhard Riemann and Adolf Hurwitz, describes the relationship of the Euler characteristics of two surfaces when one is a ramified covering of the other. It therefore connects ramification with algebraic topology , in this case.
For example, when f is a smooth morphism, is simply a vector bundle, known as the tangent bundle along the fibers of f. Using A 1 -homotopy theory , the Grothendieck–Riemann–Roch theorem has been extended by Navarro & Navarro (2017) to the situation where f is a proper map between two smooth schemes.
Given a CW complex S containing one vertex, one edge, one face, and generally exactly one cell of every dimension, Euler's formula V − E + F − · · · for the Euler characteristic of S returns 1 − 1 + 1 − · · ·. There are a few motivations for defining a generalized Euler characteristic for such a space that turns out to be 1/2.
There are always some singular fibers, since the sum of the topological Euler characteristics of the singular fibers is () =. A general elliptic K3 surface has exactly 24 singular fibers, each of type I 1 {\displaystyle I_{1}} (a nodal cubic curve).
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