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  2. Inductive effect - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inductive_effect

    The effect of the sigma electron displacement towards the more electronegative atom by which one end becomes positively charged and the other end negatively charged is known as the inductive effect. The - I effect is a permanent effect & generally represented by an arrow on the bond.

  3. Electrophilic aromatic directing groups - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrophilic_aromatic...

    Due to a stronger resonance effect and inductive effect than the heavier halogens, fluorine is anomalous. The partial rate factor of electrophilic aromatic substitution on fluorobenzene is often larger than one at the para position, making it an activating group. [11]

  4. Electron-withdrawing group - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron-withdrawing_group

    Electron-withdrawing groups exert an "inductive" or "electron-pulling" effect on covalent bonds. The strength of the electron-withdrawing group is inversely proportional to the pKa of the carboxylic acid. [2] The inductive effect is cumulative: trichloroacetic acid is 1000x stronger than chloroacetic acid.

  5. Electrophilic aromatic substitution - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrophilic_aromatic...

    In order to do the reaction, they can be made by 2 possible reactions, which are both indirect. One possible way to do a substitution on pyridine is nucleophilic aromatic substitution. Even with no catalysts, the nitrogen atom, being electronegative, can hold the negative charge by itself.

  6. Bent's rule - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bent's_rule

    The inductive effect is the transmission of charge through covalent bonds and Bent's rule provides a mechanism for such results via differences in hybridisation. In the table below, [ 26 ] as the groups bonded to the central carbon become more electronegative, the central carbon becomes more electron-withdrawing as measured by the polar ...

  7. More work, same salary. How employees should respond to a ...

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    Soon after Kay took on a new role at an e-commerce company in the fall of 2023, the responsibilities began to pile up.. Kay – who asked USA TODAY to not use her full name for fear of losing her ...

  8. Electrophilic halogenation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrophilic_halogenation

    Halogenation of benzene where X is the halogen, catalyst represents the catalyst (if needed) and HX represents the protonated base. A few types of aromatic compounds, such as phenol, will react without a catalyst, but for typical benzene derivatives with less reactive substrates, a Lewis acid is required as a catalyst.

  9. Today's Wordle Hint, Answer for #1250 on Wednesday, November ...

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    If you’re stuck on today’s Wordle answer, we’re here to help—but beware of spoilers for Wordle 1250 ahead. Let's start with a few hints.