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  2. Inductive effect - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inductive_effect

    The effect of the sigma electron displacement towards the more electronegative atom by which one end becomes positively charged and the other end negatively charged is known as the inductive effect. The - I effect is a permanent effect & generally represented by an arrow on the bond.

  3. Electron-withdrawing group - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron-withdrawing_group

    Electron-withdrawing groups exert an "inductive" or "electron-pulling" effect on covalent bonds. The strength of the electron-withdrawing group is inversely proportional to the pKa of the carboxylic acid. [2] The inductive effect is cumulative: trichloroacetic acid is 1000x stronger than chloroacetic acid.

  4. Hammett equation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammett_equation

    This effect is depicted in scheme 3, where, in a para substituted arene 1a, one resonance structure 1b is a quinoid with positive charge on the X substituent, releasing electrons and thus destabilizing the Y substituent. This destabilizing effect is not possible when X has a meta orientation. Scheme 3. Hammett Inductive Mesomeric Effects

  5. Electrophilic aromatic directing groups - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrophilic_aromatic...

    In general, the resonance effect of elements in the third period and beyond is relatively weak. This is mainly because of the relatively poor orbital overlap of the substituent's 3p (or higher) orbital with the 2p orbital of the carbon. Due to a stronger resonance effect and inductive effect than the heavier halogens, fluorine is anomalous.

  6. Bent's rule - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bent's_rule

    The inductive effect is the transmission of charge through covalent bonds and Bent's rule provides a mechanism for such results via differences in hybridisation. In the table below, [ 26 ] as the groups bonded to the central carbon become more electronegative, the central carbon becomes more electron-withdrawing as measured by the polar ...

  7. What Is Total Daily Energy Expenditure & How Do I Calculate It?

    www.aol.com/total-daily-energy-expenditure...

    Thermic effect of food (TEF). Sometimes called diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT), this is the energy your body uses to digest and process food. After you eat, your metabolism ramps up a bit to ...

  8. 7 Alternatives to Chemotherapy for Lymphoma in Dogs - AOL

    www.aol.com/7-alternatives-chemotherapy-lymphoma...

    The effect of cannabidiol on canine neoplastic cell proliferation and mitogen-activated protein kinase activation during autophagy and apoptosis. Vet Comp Oncol. 2021 Jun;19(2):253-265. doi: 10. ...

  9. If you want to help your kids bypass probate when you die ...

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    If you will, allow us to present the hypothetical case of Pete Moneywise, a married, 78-year-old father of three who wants to get his financial affairs in order before his passing.