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  2. Inductive effect - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inductive_effect

    The inductive effect can be used to determine the stability of a molecule depending on the charge present on the atom and the groups bonded to the atom. For example, if an atom has a positive charge and is attached to a - I group its charge becomes 'amplified' and the molecule becomes more unstable.

  3. Electron-withdrawing group - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron-withdrawing_group

    Electron-withdrawing groups exert an "inductive" or "electron-pulling" effect on covalent bonds. The strength of the electron-withdrawing group is inversely proportional to the pKa of the carboxylic acid. [2] The inductive effect is cumulative: trichloroacetic acid is 1000x stronger than chloroacetic acid.

  4. Swain–Lupton equation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swain–Lupton_equation

    The most dominant effect is clear when looking at the ratio of R to F. For example, a tungsten complex was shown to alkylate allyl carbonates A and B. The ratio of products A1 and B1 can be attributed to the para substituent, X (Fig. 3). Using Swain–Lupton parameters (σ = 0.2F + 0.8R) a ρ value of -2.5 was found to be the slope.

  5. Bent's rule - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bent's_rule

    The inductive effect is the transmission of charge through covalent bonds and Bent's rule provides a mechanism for such results via differences in hybridisation. In the table below, [ 26 ] as the groups bonded to the central carbon become more electronegative, the central carbon becomes more electron-withdrawing as measured by the polar ...

  6. Field effect (chemistry) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_effect_(chemistry)

    A field effect is the polarization of a molecule through space. The effect is a result of an electric field produced by charge localization in a molecule. [1] This field, which is substituent and conformation dependent, can influence structure and reactivity by manipulating the location of electron density in bonds and/or the overall molecule. [2]

  7. Electrophilic aromatic directing groups - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrophilic_aromatic...

    Due to the electronegativity difference between carbon and oxygen / nitrogen, there will be a slight electron withdrawing effect through inductive effect (known as the –I effect). However, the other effect called resonance add electron density back to the ring (known as the +M effect) and dominate over that of inductive effect.

  8. Theodore Olson, prominent conservative US lawyer, dies at 84

    www.aol.com/news/theodore-olson-prominent...

    (Reuters) -Theodore Olson, a conservative American lawyer who helped Republican George W. Bush secure the presidency in the legal battle over the 2000 U.S. election and went on to argue ...

  9. Taft equation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taft_equation

    It was developed by Robert W. Taft in 1952 [2] [3] [4] as a modification to the Hammett equation. [5] While the Hammett equation accounts for how field, inductive, and resonance effects influence reaction rates, the Taft equation also describes the steric effects of a substituent. The Taft equation is written as: