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Spencerian script is a handwriting script style based on Copperplate script that was used in the United States from approximately 1850 to 1925, [1] [2] and was considered the American de facto standard writing style for business correspondence prior to the widespread adoption of the typewriter.
Many masters offered their contributions in defining the aesthetic canons of the copperplate script, but what really stood out as fundamental was the work of the writing master and engraver George Bickham, who in his book The Universal Penman (1733–1741) collected script samples from twenty-five of the most talented London calligraphers.
Pitman shorthand is a system of shorthand for the English language developed by Englishman Sir Isaac Pitman (1813–1897), who first presented it in 1837. [1] Like most systems of shorthand, it is a phonetic system; the symbols do not represent letters, but rather sounds, and words are, for the most part, written as they are spoken.
D'Nealian, a style of writing and teaching cursive and manuscript adapted from the Palmer Method; Zaner-Bloser script, another streamlined form of Spencerian script; Library hand another 19th-century script developed by Melvil Dewey and Thomas Edison; Round hand, a style of handwriting and calligraphy originating in England in the 1660s
Court hand: alphabet (upper-cases and lower-cases) and some syllable abbreviations. Court hand (also common law hand, Anglicana, cursiva antiquior, and charter hand [1]) was a style of handwriting used in medieval English law courts, and later by professionals such as lawyers and clerks.
The scripts developed in Ireland in the 7th century and were used as late as the 19th century, though its most flourishing period fell between 600 and 850. They were closely related to the uncial and half-uncial scripts, their immediate influences; the highest grade of Insular script is the majuscule Insular half-uncial, which is closely ...
In blackletter texts (especially in German printing), it was still used in the abbreviation ⁊c. meaning etc. (for et cetera) throughout the 19th century. [ citation needed ] However, as not all typesets included a sort for the ⁊ character, the similar R rotunda ꝛ was substituted (which produced ꝛc.
In the UK this revival was due in part to the 19th-century artist William Morris. [ citation needed ] In 1905 Monica Bridges ’ book, A New Handwriting for Teachers was published. [ 1 ] She was a skilled calligrapher and this book is credited with making italic handwriting fashionable in British schools.