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Spencerian script is a handwriting script style based on Copperplate script that was used in the United States from approximately 1850 to 1925, [1] [2] and was considered the American de facto standard writing style for business correspondence prior to the widespread adoption of the typewriter.
Many masters offered their contributions in defining the aesthetic canons of the copperplate script, but what really stood out as fundamental was the work of the writing master and engraver George Bickham, who in his book The Universal Penman (1733–1741) collected script samples from twenty-five of the most talented London calligraphers.
However, an equals sign, a number 8, a capital letter B or a capital letter X are also used to indicate normal eyes, widened eyes, those with glasses or those with crinkled eyes, respectively. Symbols for the mouth vary, e.g. ")" for a smiley face or "(" for a sad face. One can also add a "}" after the mouth character to indicate a beard.
D'Nealian, a style of writing and teaching cursive and manuscript adapted from the Palmer Method; Zaner-Bloser script, another streamlined form of Spencerian script; Library hand another 19th-century script developed by Melvil Dewey and Thomas Edison; Round hand, a style of handwriting and calligraphy originating in England in the 1660s
Pitman shorthand is a system of shorthand for the English language developed by Englishman Sir Isaac Pitman (1813–1897), who first presented it in 1837. [1] Like most systems of shorthand, it is a phonetic system; the symbols do not represent letters, but rather sounds, and words are, for the most part, written as they are spoken.
In the 19th century, the use of antiqua alongside Fraktur increased, leading to an Antiqua-Fraktur dispute which lasted until the Nazis mandated an end to the use of Fraktur in 1941. By then, Fraktur had been the most common and well-known blackletter style in Germany for a long time, and as a result all kinds of blackletter (including ...
This is an accepted version of this page This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 5 January 2025. Pictorial representation of a facial expression using punctuation marks, numbers and letters Not to be confused with Emoji, Sticker (messaging), or Enotikon. "O.O" redirects here. For other uses, see O.O (song) and OO (disambiguation). This article contains Unicode emoticons or emojis ...
All the upper-case characters were somewhat 'condensed' (narrowed). Old style faces remained popular until about 1910. Above all the 19th century was innovative regarding technical aspects. Automatic manufacturing processes changed the print as well as the graphical illustrations.