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  2. Hydroxyproline - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroxyproline

    The most obvious, first effects (gingival and hair problems) of absence of ascorbic acid in humans come from the resulting defect in hydroxylation of proline residues of collagen, with reduced stability of the collagen molecule, causing scurvy. Increased serum and urine levels of hydroxyproline have also been demonstrated in Paget's disease. [10]

  3. Proline - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proline

    It is non-essential in humans, meaning the body can synthesize it from the non-essential amino acid L-glutamate. It is encoded by all the codons starting with CC (CCU, CCC, CCA, and CCG). Proline is the only proteinogenic amino acid which is a secondary amine , as the nitrogen atom is attached both to the α-carbon and to a chain of three ...

  4. Pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrroline-5-carboxylate...

    The systematic name of this enzyme class is L-proline:NAD(P)+ 5-oxidoreductase. Other names in common use include proline oxidase, L-proline oxidase, 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase, NADPH-L-Delta1-pyrroline carboxylic acid reductase, and L-proline-NAD(P)+ 5-oxidoreductase. This enzyme participates in arginine and proline metabolism.

  5. Pyroglutamic acid - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyroglutamic_acid

    Pyroglutamic acid may function in glutamate storage, and acts to oppose the action of glutamate, including in the brain. [1] It also acts on the brain's cholinergic system; [4] Amyloid β containing pyroglutamic acid is increased in Alzheimer's disease; this may be part of the disease process. [5]

  6. Glutamine synthetase - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutamine_synthetase

    Glutamate + ATP + NH 3 → Glutamine + ADP + phosphate Glutamine synthetase catalyzed reaction. Glutamine synthetase uses ammonia produced by nitrate reduction, amino acid degradation, and photorespiration. [4] The amide group of glutamate is a nitrogen source for the synthesis of glutamine pathway metabolites. [5] Other reactions may take ...

  7. 1-Pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1-Pyrroline-5-carboxylic_acid

    The human P5CS is encoded by the ALDH18A1 gene. [7] [8] The enzyme pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase converts P5C into proline. In proline degradation, the enzyme proline dehydrogenase produces P5C from proline, and the enzyme 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase converts GSA to glutamate. In many prokaryotes, proline dehydrogenase and P5C ...

  8. Glutamate flavoring - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutamate_flavoring

    Crystalline monosodium glutamate (MSG) Glutamate flavoring is the generic name for flavor-enhancing compounds based on glutamic acid and its salts (glutamates). These compounds provide an umami (savory) taste to food. Glutamic acid and glutamates are natural constituents of many fermented or aged foods, including soy sauce, fermented bean paste ...

  9. Non-proteinogenic amino acids - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-proteinogenic_amino_acids

    Lysine. Technically, any organic compound with an amine (–NH 2) and a carboxylic acid (–COOH) functional group is an amino acid. The proteinogenic amino acids are a small subset of this group that possess a central carbon atom (α- or 2-) bearing an amino group, a carboxyl group, a side chain and an α-hydrogen levo conformation, with the exception of glycine, which is achiral, and proline ...