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Necrosis can be activated by components of the immune system, such as the complement system; bacterial toxins; activated natural killer cells; and peritoneal macrophages. [1] Pathogen-induced necrosis programs in cells with immunological barriers (intestinal mucosa) may alleviate invasion of pathogens through surfaces affected by inflammation. [1]
Liquefactive necrosis (or colliquative necrosis) is a type of necrosis which results in a transformation of the tissue into a liquid viscous mass. [1] Often it is associated with focal bacterial or fungal infections, and can also manifest as one of the symptoms of an internal chemical burn . [ 2 ]
Necrotizing vasculitis, also called systemic necrotizing vasculitis, [1] is a general term for the inflammation of veins and arteries that develops into necrosis and narrows the vessels. [ 2 ] Tumors , medications, allergic reactions , and infectious organisms are some of the recognized triggers for these conditions, even though the precise ...
With multiple sclerosis, inflammation settles in the central nervous system after immune cells attack the coating on nerves; lupus can cause inflammation in the heart, brain, kidney, and other organs.
In the course of avascular necrosis, however, the healing process is usually ineffective and the bone tissues break down faster than the body can repair them. If left untreated, the disease progresses, the bone collapses, [ 28 ] and the joint surface breaks down, leading to pain and arthritis.
Timing is important to wound healing. Critically, the timing of wound re-epithelialization can decide the outcome of the healing. [11] If the epithelization of tissue over a denuded area is slow, a scar will form over many weeks, or months; [12] [13] If the epithelization of a wounded area is fast, the healing will result in regeneration.
Bacterial infection is by far the most common cause of necrotizing fasciitis. Despite the term "flesh-eating disease," the organisms do not eat human tissue; rather, they release virulence factors and toxins that cause tissue death. Typically, the infection enters the body through a break in the skin such as a cut or burn. [3]
Examples of periosteal reactive bone in selected specimens of Triceratops. A periosteal reaction can result from a large number of causes, including injury and chronic irritation due to a medical condition such as hypertrophic osteopathy, bone healing in response to fracture, chronic stress injuries, subperiosteal hematomas, osteomyelitis, and cancer of the bone.
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