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  2. Economic surplus - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_surplus

    On a standard supply and demand diagram, consumer surplus is the area (triangular if the supply and demand curves are linear) above the equilibrium price of the good and below the demand curve. This reflects the fact that consumers would have been willing to buy a single unit of the good at a price higher than the equilibrium price, a second ...

  3. Williamson tradeoff model - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williamson_tradeoff_model

    This means that the amount of consumer surplus, the area below the demand curve and above the price, will be lower. [4] The change in overall social surplus of the market depends on whether the increase in producer surplus due to lower production costs is larger or smaller than the fall in consumer surplus due to higher prices. Note that it is ...

  4. Marshallian demand function - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshallian_demand_function

    Hence, the utility is held constant along the demand curve. When the marginal utility of income is constant, or its value is the same across individuals within a market demand curve, generating net benefits of purchased units, or consumer surplus is possible through adding up of demand prices.

  5. Supply and demand - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supply_and_demand

    Supply chain as connected supply and demand curves. In microeconomics, supply and demand is an economic model of price determination in a market.It postulates that, holding all else equal, the unit price for a particular good or other traded item in a perfectly competitive market, will vary until it settles at the market-clearing price, where the quantity demanded equals the quantity supplied ...

  6. Price discrimination - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Price_discrimination

    The consumer surplus is the area above line segment , but below the demand curve (). With price discrimination, (the bottom diagram), the demand curve is divided into segments ( D 1 {\displaystyle D1} and D 2 {\displaystyle D2} ).

  7. Excess supply - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excess_supply

    In economics, an excess supply, economic surplus [1] market surplus or briefly supply is a situation in which the quantity of a good or service supplied is more than the quantity demanded, [2] and the price is above the equilibrium level determined by supply and demand. That is, the quantity of the product that producers wish to sell exceeds ...

  8. Quasilinear utility - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quasilinear_utility

    Furthermore, when utility is quasilinear, compensating variation (CV), equivalent variation (EV), and consumer surplus are algebraically equivalent. [1]: 163 In mechanism design, quasilinear utility ensures that agents can compensate each other with side payments.

  9. Market structure - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_structure

    The total surplus of perfect competition market is the highest. And the total surplus of imperfect competition market is lower. In the monopoly market, if the monopoly firm can adopt first-level price discrimination, the consumer surplus is zero and the monopoly firm obtains all the benefits in the market. [15]