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In macroeconomics, investment "consists of the additions to the nation's capital stock of buildings, equipment, software, and inventories during a year" [1] or, alternatively, investment spending — "spending on productive physical capital such as machinery and construction of buildings, and on changes to inventories — as part of total spending" on goods and services per year.
In that sense, it refers to a measure of the net additions to the (physical) capital stock of a country (or an economic sector) in an accounting interval, or, a measure of the amount by which the total physical capital stock increased during an accounting period. To arrive at this measure, standard valuation principles are used. [1]
The following arguments are presented more completely in Chapter 1 of Barro and Sala-i-Martin [3] and in texts such as Abel et al.. [4]Let k be the capital/labour ratio (i.e., capital per capita), y be the resulting per capita output (= ()), and s be the savings rate.
US mutual funds are to compute average annual total return as prescribed by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) in instructions to form N-1A (the fund prospectus) as the average annual compounded rates of return for 1-year, 5-year, and 10-year periods (or inception of the fund if shorter) as the "average annual total return" for ...
That is, one can ask how a change in some exogenous variable in year t affects endogenous variables in year t, in year t+1, in year t+2, and so forth. [1] A graph showing the impact on some endogenous variable, over time (that is, the multipliers for times t, t+1, t+2, etc.), is called an impulse-response function. [2]
Mathematical economics is the application of mathematical methods to represent theories and analyze problems in economics.Often, these applied methods are beyond simple geometry, and may include differential and integral calculus, difference and differential equations, matrix algebra, mathematical programming, or other computational methods.
1 for 10 pages; 2 for 20 pages; 4 for 40 pages; 6 for 60 pages; 8 for 80 pages; The third numeral stands for the ruling: 0 for blank exercise book; 1 for lined paper—lines at 20 mm; 2 for lined paper—lines at 16 mm; 3 for lined paper—lines at 12 mm; 4 for lined paper—lines at 8 mm; 5 for squared paper—squares are 5 x 5 mm
Aggregate demand, which equals total un-hoarded income in a society, is defined by the sum of consumption and investment. In a state of unemployment and unused production capacity, one can enhance employment and total income only by first increasing expenditures for either consumption or investment.