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  2. Utilitarianism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilitarianism

    Utilitarianism is a version of consequentialism, which states that the consequences of any action are the only standard of right and wrong. Unlike other forms of consequentialism, such as egoism and altruism, egalitarian utilitarianism considers either the interests of all humanity or all sentient beings equally.

  3. Two-level utilitarianism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-level_utilitarianism

    Two-level utilitarianism is virtually a synthesis of the opposing doctrines of act utilitarianism and rule utilitarianism. Act utilitarianism states that in all cases the morally right action is the one which produces the most well-being, whereas rule utilitarianism states that the morally right action is the one that is in accordance with a ...

  4. J. J. C. Smart - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._J._C._Smart

    In ethics, Smart was a defender of utilitarianism. Specifically, he defended "extreme", or act utilitarianism , as opposed to "restricted", or rule utilitarianism . The distinction between these two types of ethical theory is explained in his essay Extreme and Restricted Utilitarianism .

  5. Utilitarian rule - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilitarian_rule

    In social choice and operations research, the utilitarian rule (also called the max-sum rule) is a rule saying that, among all possible alternatives, society should pick the alternative which maximizes the sum of the utilities of all individuals in society.

  6. Applied ethics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applied_ethics

    Consequentialist ethics, which hold that the rightness of acts depends only on their consequences. [11] The paradigmatic consequentialist theory is utilitarianism , which classically holds that whether an act is morally right depends on whether it maximizes net aggregated psychological wellbeing.

  7. On Liberty - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_Liberty

    On Liberty is an essay published in 1859 by the English philosopher John Stuart Mill.It applied Mill's ethical system of utilitarianism to society and state. [1] [2] Mill suggested standards for the relationship between authority and liberty.

  8. Kantian ethics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kantian_ethics

    The Utilitarian philosopher John Stuart Mill criticizes Kant for not realizing that moral laws are justified by a moral intuition based on utilitarian principles (that the greatest good for the greatest number ought to be sought). Mill argued that Kant's ethics could not explain why certain actions are wrong without appealing to utilitarianism ...

  9. Utilitarianism (book) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilitarianism_(book)

    Utilitarianism is an 1861 essay written by English philosopher and economist John Stuart Mill, considered to be a classic exposition and defense of utilitarianism in ethics. It was originally published as a series of three separate articles in Fraser's Magazine in 1861 before it was collected and reprinted as a single work in 1863. [ 1 ]