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Since aspartate is an amino acid, an amino radical needs to be added to the oxaloacetate. This is supplied by glutamate, which in the process is transformed into alpha-ketoglutarate by the same enzyme. The second antiporter (AGC1 or AGC2) imports glutamate from the cytosol into the matrix and exports aspartate from the matrix to the cytosol.
The two main systems in humans are the glycerol phosphate shuttle and the malate-aspartate shuttle. The malate/a-ketoglutarate antiporter functions move electrons while the aspartate/glutamate antiporter moves amino groups. This allows the mitochondria to receive the substrates that it needs for its functionality in an efficient manner. [1]
glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT), also called aspartate transaminase (AST), EC 2.6.1.1 (component of the malate aspartate shuttle) Recruited reaction steps of the citric acid cycle and malate aspartate shuttle
EAAT1 is also often called the GLutamate ASpartate Transporter 1 (GLAST-1). EAAT1 is predominantly expressed in the plasma membrane, allowing it to remove glutamate from the extracellular space. [6] It has also been localized in the inner mitochondrial membrane as part of the malate-aspartate shuttle. [7]
Aspartate has many other biochemical roles. It is a metabolite in the urea cycle [17] and participates in gluconeogenesis. It carries reducing equivalents in the malate-aspartate shuttle, which utilizes the ready interconversion of aspartate and oxaloacetate, which is the oxidized (dehydrogenated) derivative of malic acid.
The products usually are either alanine, aspartate or glutamate, since their corresponding alpha-keto acids are produced through metabolism of fuels. Being a major degradative aminoacid pathway, lysine , proline and threonine are the only three amino acids that do not always undergo transamination and rather use respective dehydrogenase.
of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan a r t i c l e i n f o Article history: Available online 4 March 2013 Keywords: Sweet protein Taste-modifying activity Miracle fruit Sweet taste receptor a b s t r a c t
CO 2 + glutamate + aspartate + 3 ATP + 2 NAD + + 3 H 2 O → urea + α-ketoglutarate + oxaloacetate + 2 ADP + 2 P i + AMP + PP i + 2 NADH; The two NADH produced can provide energy for the formation of 5 ATP (cytosolic NADH provides 2.5 ATP with the malate-aspartate shuttle in human liver cell), a net production of two high-energy phosphate bond ...