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Angle of repose of a heap of sand Sandpile from the Matemateca collection. The angle of repose, or critical angle of repose, [1] of a granular material is the steepest angle of descent or dip relative to the horizontal plane on which the material can be piled without slumping.
In 1907, Edgar Buckingham created the first water retention curve. [2] It was measured and made for six soils varying in texture from sand to clay. The data came from experiments made on soil columns 48 inch tall, where a constant water level maintained about 2 inches above the bottom through periodic addition of water from a side tube.
In jet piling high pressure water is used to set piles. [9] High pressure water cuts through soil with a high-pressure jet flow and allows the pile to be fitted. [10] One advantage of Jet Piling: the water jet lubricates the pile and softens the ground. [11] The method is in use in Norway. [12]
the design drain spacing (L) can be found from the equation in dependence of the drain depth (Dd) and drain radius (r). Drainage criteria One would not want the water table to be too shallow to avoid crop yield depression nor too deep to avoid drought conditions.
Moist sand along the shoreline is originally densely packed by the draining water. Foot pressure on the sand causes it to dilate (see: Reynolds dilatancy), drawing water from the surface into the pores. The presence of nearly incompressible fluids such as water in the pore spaces affects the ability for the pores to dilate or contract.
The maximum amount of water that a given soil can retain is called field capacity, whereas a soil so dry that plants cannot liberate the remaining moisture from the soil particles is said to be at wilting point. [2] Available water is that which the plants can utilize from the soil within the range between field capacity and wilting point.
Suction caissons (also referred to as suction anchors, suction piles or suction buckets) are a form of fixed platform anchor in the form of an open bottomed tube embedded in the sediment and sealed at the top while in use so that lifting forces generate a pressure differential that holds the caisson down.
When pouring "revolving" sand on a flat surface from a fixed position, the growth of a conical pile does not occur by the common avalanche mechanism, where sand slides down the pile in a more or less random fashion. What happens in that a relatively thin "river" of flowing sand travels from the pouring point at the apex of the pile to its base ...