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The vitamin D receptor (VDR also known as the calcitriol receptor) is a member of the nuclear receptor family of transcription factors. [5] Calcitriol (the active form of vitamin D , 1,25-(OH) 2 vitamin D 3 ) binds to VDR, which then forms a heterodimer with the retinoid-X receptor .
A muscle spindle, with γ motor and Ia sensory fibers. A type Ia sensory fiber, or a primary afferent fiber, is a type of afferent nerve fiber. [1] It is the sensory fiber of a stretch receptor called the muscle spindle found in muscles, which constantly monitors the rate at which a muscle stretch changes.
Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid subfamily member 6 (TRPV6) is an epithelial Ca 2+ channel that belongs to the transient receptor potential family (TRP) of proteins. [5] The TRP family is a group of channel proteins critical for ionic homeostasis and the perception of various physical and chemical stimuli.
MuSK is a receptor tyrosine kinase—meaning that it induces cellular signaling by binding phosphate molecules to self regions like tyrosines, and to other targets in the cytoplasm. [12] Upon activation by its ligand agrin, MuSK signals via two proteins called "Dok-7" and "rapsyn", to induce "clustering" of acetylcholine receptors. [13]
When a muscle is stretched, primary type Ia sensory fibers of the muscle spindle respond to both changes in muscle length and velocity and transmit this activity to the spinal cord in the form of changes in the rate of action potentials. Likewise, secondary type II sensory fibers respond to muscle length changes (but with a smaller velocity ...
MuSK (for Muscle-Specific Kinase) [1] is a receptor tyrosine kinase required for the formation and maintenance of the neuromuscular junction. [2] It is activated by a nerve-derived proteoglycan called agrin , [ 3 ] which is similarly also required for neuromuscular junction formation.
CYP2R1 is cytochrome P450 2R1, an enzyme which is the principal vitamin D 25-hydroxylase. [5] [6] In humans it is encoded by the CYP2R1 gene located on chromosome 11p15.2. [7]It is expressed in the endoplasmic reticulum in liver, where it performs the first step in the activation of vitamin D by catalyzing the formation of 25-hydroxyvitamin D. [8]
Excitatory inputs to the VB are medial lemniscal (ML) and corticothalamic (CT) glutamatergic synapses. The ML is a sensory afferent input and the CT is from layer VI of the primary sensory cortex. [3] The VB also gets inputs from areas in the brain stem which release acetylcholine (ACh) that can modulate activity in the VB. [3]