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These reactions have different functions in cells. The reaction involving acetyl-CoA and butyrate (EC 2.8.3.8), for example, forms butyrate during fermentation. [3] The reaction involving acetyl-CoA and succinate (EC 2.8.3.18) is part of a modified TCA cycle [4] or forms acetate during fermentation. [5]
Coenzyme A (CoA, SHCoA, CoASH) is a coenzyme, notable for its role in the synthesis and oxidation of fatty acids, and the oxidation of pyruvate in the citric acid cycle. All genomes sequenced to date encode enzymes that use coenzyme A as a substrate , and around 4% of cellular enzymes use it (or a thioester ) as a substrate.
Acetyl-CoA (acetyl coenzyme A) is a molecule that participates in many biochemical reactions in protein, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. [2] Its main function is to deliver the acetyl group to the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) to be oxidized for energy production.
General chemical structure of an acyl-CoA, where R is a carboxylic acid side chain. Acyl-CoA is a group of CoA-based coenzymes that metabolize carboxylic acids. Fatty acyl-CoA's are susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. The acetyl-CoA enters the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this ...
Structure of acetyl coenzyme A, a thioester that is a key intermediate in the biosynthesis of many biomolecules. Thioesters are common intermediates in many biosynthetic reactions, including the formation and degradation of fatty acids and mevalonate , precursor to steroids.
Enoyl-CoA-(∆) isomerase (EC 5.3.3.8, also known as dodecenoyl-CoA-(∆) isomerase, 3,2-trans-enoyl-CoA isomerase, ∆3(cis),∆2(trans)-enoyl-CoA isomerase, or acetylene-allene isomerase, [1] is an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of cis- or trans-double bonds of coenzyme A (CoA) bound fatty acids at gamma-carbon (position 3) to trans double bonds at beta-carbon (position 2) as below:
The following reaction is the oxidation of the fatty acid by FAD to afford an α,β-unsaturated fatty acid thioester of coenzyme A: ACADs can be categorized into three distinct groups based on their specificity for short-, medium-, or long-chain fatty acid acyl-CoA substrates.
The Wood–Ljungdahl pathway is a set of biochemical reactions used by some bacteria. It is also known as the reductive acetyl-coenzyme A pathway. [1] This pathway enables these organisms to use hydrogen (H 2) as an electron donor, and carbon dioxide (CO 2) as an electron acceptor and as a building block to generate acetate for biosynthesis.