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Blood tests show a creatine kinase activity greater than 1000 U/L, with severe disease being above 5000–15 000 U/L. [5] The mainstay of treatment is large quantities of intravenous fluids. [3] Other treatments may include dialysis or hemofiltration in more severe cases.
Generally, blood tests for kidney function (creatinine, blood urea nitrogen), glucose and occasionally creatine kinase and cortisol are performed. Calculating the trans-tubular potassium gradient can sometimes help in distinguishing the cause of the hyperkalemia. [medical citation needed]
Creatine kinase (CK), also known as creatine phosphokinase (CPK) or phosphocreatine kinase, is an enzyme (EC 2.7.3.2) expressed by various tissues and cell types. CK catalyses the conversion of creatine and uses adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to create phosphocreatine (PCr) and adenosine diphosphate (ADP). This CK enzyme reaction is reversible ...
Immediate treatment for the syndrome should not be delayed as it has a high mortality of between 10-20%. [39] Differentiating NMS from other neurological disorders can be very difficult. The diagnosis is suggested on patients with a history of drug exposure to the most common inducing agents such as strong antidopaminergic medications.
Creatine conversion to phosphocreatine is catalysed by creatine kinase; spontaneous formation of creatinine occurs during the reaction. [7] Creatinine is removed from the blood chiefly by the kidneys, primarily by glomerular filtration, but also by proximal tubular secretion. Little or no tubular reabsorption of creatinine occurs. If filtration ...
Risk factors for kidney disease include diabetes, high blood pressure, family history, older age, ethnic group and smoking. For most patients, a GFR over 60 (mL/min)/(1.73 m 2) is adequate. But significant decline of the GFR from a previous test result can be an early indicator of kidney disease requiring medical intervention.
The GFR is derived from the serum creatinine and is proportional to 1/creatinine, i.e. it is a reciprocal relationship; the higher the creatinine, the lower the GFR. It reflects one aspect of kidney function, how efficiently the glomeruli – the filtering units – work. The normal GFR is >90 ml/min.
Acute kidney injury (AKI), previously called acute renal failure (ARF), [1] [2] is a sudden decrease in kidney function that develops within seven days, [3] as shown by an increase in serum creatinine or a decrease in urine output, or both.