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Unlike a kidneys, ureters, and bladder x-ray (KUB), which is a plain (that is, noncontrast) radiograph, an IVP uses contrast to highlight the urinary tract. In IVP, the contrast agent is given through a vein ( intravenously ), allowed to be cleared by the kidneys and excreted through the urinary tract as part of the urine . [ 5 ]
Under fluoroscopy (real time x-rays) the radiologist watches the contrast enter the bladder and looks at the anatomy of the patient. If the contrast moves into the ureters and back into the kidneys , the radiologist makes the diagnosis of vesicoureteral reflux , and gives the degree of severity a score.
Ultrasound is non-invasive and does not involve radiation, unlike some methods of imaging of the urinary tract such as X-rays or CT scans. [2] It is usually painless. [2] It is safe in pregnancy. [1] Risks specific to the scan involve: Discomfort from the abdominal probe [1] Distress related to results that are reported
Cystourethrography is a radiographic, fluoroscopic medical procedure that is used to visualize and evaluate the bladder and the urethra. [1] Voiding and positive pressure cystourethrograms help to assess lower urinary tract trauma, reflux, suspected fistulas, and to diagnose urinary retention.
In radiology and urology, a cystography (also known as cystogram) is a procedure used to visualise the urinary bladder. Using a urinary catheter, radiocontrast is instilled in the bladder, and X-ray imaging is performed. Cystography can be used to evaluate bladder cancer, vesicoureteral reflux, bladder polyps, and hydronephrosis.
Yet, CT scan is the best alternative for diagnosing intra-abdominal injury. [1] Computed tomography provides an overall better surgical strategy planning, and possibly fewer unnecessary laparotomies. Abdominal x-ray is therefore not recommended for adults with acute abdominal pain presenting in the emergency department. [2]
Urethral pressure profilometry: measures strength of sphincter contraction. [7] Electromyography (EMG) measurement of electrical activity in the bladder neck. Assessing the "tightness" along the length of the urethra. Fluoroscopy (moving video x-rays) of the bladder and bladder neck during voiding.
The diagnosis of bladder stone includes urinalysis, ultrasonography, x rays or cystoscopy (inserting a small thin camera into the urethra and viewing the bladder). The intravenous pyelogram can also be used to assess the presence of kidney stones. This test involves injecting a radiocontrast agent which is passed into the urinary system. X-ray ...