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In 1920, Winslow published a widely-cited definition of public health in Science, describing the field as "the science and the art of preventing disease, prolonging life, and promoting physical health and efficiency through organized community efforts for the sanitation of the environment, the control of community infections, the education of the individual in principles of personal hygiene ...
This was the main focus of the essay by Cyril Northcote Parkinson, published in The Economist in 1955, [1] [7] and reprinted with other similar essays in the successful 1958 book Parkinson's Law: The Pursuit of Progress. [8] The book was translated into many languages. It was highly popular in the Soviet Union and its sphere of influence. [9]
Bureau-shaping is a rational choice model of bureaucracy and a response to the budget-maximization model.It argues that rational officials will not want to maximize their budgets, but instead to shape their agency so as to maximize their personal utilities from their work.
They cite Winslow as follows: In 1920, CEA Winslow provided the following definition of public health practice: Public health is the science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting physical health and efficiency through organised community efforts, the education of the individual in principals of personal hygiene, the ...
The district had its origins in the Winslow Poor Law Union, which had been created in 1835, covering Winslow itself and several surrounding parishes.In 1872 sanitary districts were established, giving public health and local government responsibilities for rural areas to the existing boards of guardians of poor law unions.
Miniature of Anna Green Winslow. Anna Green Winslow (November 29, 1759 – July 19, 1780), was an American letter writer. A member of the prominent Winslow family of Boston, Massachusetts, United States, she wrote a series of letters to her mother between 1771 and 1773 that portray the daily life of the gentry in Boston at the first stirrings of the American Revolution.
Hummel's most famous work was the book The Bureaucratic Experience which went through five editions (1977, 1982, 1987, 1994, and 2008). The book contends that bureaucracy is dehumanizing; for example, it deals with cases instead of people, and it focuses on efficiency at the expense of other human values. [8]
The management take over all work for which they are better fitted than the workmen, while in the past almost all of the work and the greater part of the responsibility were thrown upon the men. Under the management of "initiative and incentive", the first three elements often exist in some form, but their importance is minor.