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De facto (/ d eɪ ˈ f æ k t oʊ, d i-, d ə-/, day FAK-toh, dee -, də -; [1] Latin: [deː ˈfaktoː] ⓘ; lit. ' in fact ') describes practices that exist in reality, regardless of whether they are officially recognized by laws or other formal norms. [2] [3] It is commonly used to refer to what happens in practice, in contrast with de ...
In law and government, de jure (/ d eɪ ˈ dʒ ʊər i, d i-,-ˈ jʊər-/; Latin: [deː ˈjuːre]; lit. ' by law ' ) describes practices that are officially recognized by laws or other formal norms, regardless of whether the practice exists in reality.
de jure. de futuro: concerning the future At a future date. de integro: concerning the whole Often used to mean "start it all over", in the context of "repeat de integro". de jure: according to law Literally "from law"; something that is established in law, whether or not it is true in general practice. Cf. de facto. de lege ferenda: of the law ...
De jure sovereignty refers to the legal right to do so; de facto sovereignty refers to the factual ability to do so. This can become an issue of special concern upon the failure of the usual expectation that de jure and de facto sovereignty exist at the place and time of concern, and reside within the same organization.
The concept of private law in common law countries is a little broader, in that it also encompasses private relationships between governments and private individuals or other entities. That is, relationships between governments and individuals based on the law of contract or torts are governed by private law, and are not considered to be within ...
While a sovereign state can agree by treaty to become a protectorate of a stronger power, modern international law does not recognise any way of making this relationship compulsory on the weaker power. Suzerainty is a practical, de facto situation, rather than a legal, de jure one. Current examples include Bhutan and India.
The distinction between public and private law was first made by Roman jurist Ulpian, who argues in the Institutes (in a passage preserved by Justinian in the Digest) that "[p]ublic law is that which respects the establishment of the Roman commonwealth, private that which respects individuals' interests, some matters being of public and others of private interest."
De facto corporation and corporation by estoppel are both terms that are used by courts in most common law jurisdictions to describe circumstances in which a business organization that has failed to become a de jure corporation (a corporation by law) will nonetheless be treated as a corporation, thereby shielding shareholders from liability. [1]