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Spotted fever rickettsiosis, also known as spotted fever group rickettsia (SFGR), is a group of infections that include Rocky Mountain spotted fever, Rickettsia parkeri rickettsiosis, Pacific Coast tick fever, and rickettsialpox. [2] The group of infections was created in 2010 as they are difficult to tell apart. [2]
Rickettsia rickettsii can be transmitted to human hosts through the bite of an infected tick. As with other bacterium transmitted via ticks, the process generally requires a period of attachment of 4 to 6 hours. However, in some cases a Rickettsia rickettsii infection has been contracted by contact with tick tissues or fluids. [19]
Rickettsia parkeri (abbreviated R. parkeri) is a gram-negative intracellular bacterium. The organism is found in the Western Hemisphere and is transmitted via the bite of hard ticks of the genus Amblyomma .
However, scrub typhus is still considered a rickettsiosis, even though the causative organism has been reclassified from Rickettsia tsutsugamushi to Orientia tsutsugamushi. [ citation needed ] Examples of rickettsioses include typhus , both endemic and epidemic, Rocky Mountain spotted fever , and Rickettsialpox .
These bacteria are typically transmitted to humans through the bites of infected arthropods, such as ticks, fleas, and lice. Rickettsial diseases are characterized by a range of symptoms, which can vary depending on the specific type of rickettsial infection but often include fever, headache, rash, and muscle aches.
Rickettsia conorii is a Gram-negative, obligate intracellular bacterium of the genus Rickettsia that causes human disease called boutonneuse fever, Mediterranean spotted fever, Israeli tick typhus, Astrakhan spotted fever, Kenya tick typhus, Indian tick typhus, or other names that designate the locality of occurrence while having distinct clinical features.
Rickettsia typhi is a small, aerobic, obligate intracellular, rod shaped gram negative bacterium. [1] It belongs to the typhus group of the Rickettsia genus, along with R. prowazekii . [ 2 ] R. typhi has an uncertain history, as it may have long gone shadowed by epidemic typhus ( R. prowazekii ). [ 3 ]
The most common and effective treatment for Rocky mountain spotted fever is the anti-microbial agent doxycycline. [46] This antibiotic acts as a bacteriostatic drug by inhibiting protein synthesis via blockage of the 30S ribosomal subunit. [13] Other treatments with chloramphenicol, fluoroquinolones, and macrolides have been explored.