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where C is the circumference of a circle, d is the diameter, and r is the radius.More generally, = where L and w are, respectively, the perimeter and the width of any curve of constant width.
It was used in the world record calculations of 2.7 trillion digits of π in December 2009, [3] 10 trillion digits in October 2011, [4] [5] 22.4 trillion digits in November 2016, [6] 31.4 trillion digits in September 2018–January 2019, [7] 50 trillion digits on January 29, 2020, [8] 62.8 trillion digits on August 14, 2021, [9] 100 trillion ...
For the first term in the Taylor series, all digits must be processed. In the last term of the Taylor series, however, there's only one digit remaining to be processed. In all of the intervening terms, the number of digits to be processed can be approximated by linear interpolation. Thus the total is given by:
Start by setting [4] = = = + Then iterate + = + + = (+) + + = (+ +) + + + Then p k converges quadratically to π; that is, each iteration approximately doubles the number of correct digits.The algorithm is not self-correcting; each iteration must be performed with the desired number of correct digits for π 's final result.
One important application is verifying computations of all digits of pi performed by other means. Rather than having to compute all of the digits twice by two separate algorithms to ensure that a computation is correct, the final digits of a very long all-digits computation can be verified by the much faster Bellard's formula. [3] Formula:
Machin's particular formula was used well into the computer era for calculating record numbers of digits of π, [39] but more recently other similar formulae have been used as well. For instance, Shanks and his team used the following Machin-like formula in 1961 to compute the first 100,000 digits of π : [ 39 ]
The same approach can be used to calculate digits of the binary expansion of ln(2) starting from an arbitrary nth position. The number of terms in the "head" sum increases linearly with n , but the complexity of each term only increases with the logarithm of n if an efficient method of modular exponentiation is used.
The number π (/ p aɪ / ⓘ; spelled out as "pi") is a mathematical constant, approximately equal to 3.14159, that is the ratio of a circle's circumference to its diameter.It appears in many formulae across mathematics and physics, and some of these formulae are commonly used for defining π, to avoid relying on the definition of the length of a curve.