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Blood can carry a number of ingested toxins, however, which would induce significant neuron death if they reach nervous tissue. Thus, protective cells termed astrocytes surround the capillaries in the brain and absorb nutrients from the blood and subsequently transport them to the neurons, effectively isolating the brain from a number of ...
In some cases the level or exposure-time may be critical, with some substances only becoming neurotoxic in certain doses or time periods. Some of the most common naturally occurring brain toxins that lead to neurotoxicity as a result of long term drug use are amyloid beta (Aβ), glutamate, dopamine, and oxygen radicals.
Haemotoxins, hemotoxins or hematotoxins are toxins that destroy red blood cells, disrupt blood clotting, and/or cause organ degeneration and generalized tissue damage. The term haemotoxin is to some degree a misnomer since toxins that damage the blood also damage other tissues. Injury from a haemotoxic agent is often very painful and can cause ...
The blood–brain barrier is a structure composed of endothelial cells and astrocytes that forms a barrier between the brain and circulating blood. Physiologically, this enables the brain to be protected from potentially toxic molecules and cells in the blood.
Brain trauma or stroke can cause ischemia, in which blood flow is reduced to inadequate levels. Ischemia is followed by accumulation of glutamate and aspartate in the extracellular fluid , causing cell death, which is aggravated by lack of oxygen and glucose .
It has no known function for clostridia in the soil environment where they are normally encountered. It is also called spasmogenic toxin , tentoxilysin , tetanospasmin , or tetanus neurotoxin . The LD 50 of this toxin has been measured to be approximately 2.5–3 ng/kg, [ 2 ] [ 3 ] making it second only to the related botulinum toxin (LD 50 2 ...
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Toxins poison nearby neurons, and glutamate can overexcite them. If and when the brain is reperfused, a number of factors lead to reperfusion injury. An inflammatory response is mounted, and phagocytic cells engulf damaged but still viable tissue. Harmful chemicals damage the blood–brain barrier.